Download PDF
Int J Sports Med 2013; 34(03): 268-273
DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1312581
Immunology
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Exercise Intensity and Lymphocyte Subset Apoptosis

J. W. Navalta
1   Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States
,
S. Lyons
2   Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, United States
,
J. Prestes
3   Graduation program on Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
,
S. W. Arnett
2   Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, United States
,
M. Schafer
2   Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, United States
,
G. L. Sobrero
2   Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, United States
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History



accepted after revision 02 April 2012

Publication Date:
05 October 2012 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

This investigation assessed the lymphocyte subset response to increasing intensity. Participants completed an exertion test (VO2max), and later performed a 10-min run at 76% VO2max, 5-min at 87%, and run to exhaustion at 100% intensity. Blood was sampled at rest, following each intensity, and 1-h post. Cell concentration, apoptosis (annexin V) and migration (CX3CR1) were evaluated in CD4+, CD8+, and CD19+ subsets. Relative data were analyzed using 1-way ANOVA with significance at P≤0.05. Absolute changes from rest (Δ baseline) were calculated for exercise conditions. CX3CR1 displayed relative changes 1-h post, (CD8+ Pre=58%, Post=68%, 1 h-Post=37%, P=0.04) (CD19+ Pre=1.9%, Post=3.2%, 1 h-Post=5.2%, P=0.02). No relative changes were noted for subsets and annexin V. Absolute changes revealed that CD4+/annexin V+ and CD8+/annexin V+ significantly increased at 76%,(P<0.01). Significant absolute increases were observed in CD4+/CX3CR1 at 87% VO2max, and at 87% and 100% VO2max in CD8+/CX3CR1 (P<0.01). Subsets respond differently with intensity with respect to cell count, and markers of apoptosis and cell migration. CD4+ and CD8+ appear to be prone to apoptosis with moderate exercise, but significant increases in migration at higher intensities suggests movement of these cells from the vasculature in postexercise measurements.

Key words

leukocyte subfractions - lymphocytosis - programmed cell death - fractalkine - muscular activity - annexin V
 

  • References

  • 1 Fong AM, Robinson LA, Steeber DA, Tedder TF, Yoshie O, Imai T, Patel DD. Fractalkine and CX3CR1 mediate a novel mechanism of leukocyte capture, firm adhesion, and activation under physiologic flow. J Exp Med 1998; 188: 1413-1419
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Foussat A, Coulomb-L’Hermine A, Gosling J, Krzysiek R, Durand-Gasselin I, Schall T, Balian A, Richard Y, Galanaud P, Emilie D. Fractalkine receptor expression by T lymphocyte subpopulations and in vivo production of fractalkine in human. Eur J Immunol 2000; 30: 87-97
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Friedman RA, Navalta JW, Fedor EA, Kell HB, Lyons TS, Arnett SW, Schafer MA. Repeated high-intensity Wingate cycle bouts influence markers of lymphocyte migration but not apoptosis. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2012; 37: 241-246
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Harriss DJ, Atkinson G. Update – ethical standards in sport and exercise science research. Int J Sports Med 2011; 32: 819-821
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Hong S, Johnson TA, Farag NH, Guy HJ, Matthews SC, Ziegler MG, Mills PJ. Attenuation of T-lymphocyte demargination and adhesion molecule expression in response to moderate exercise in physically fit individuals. J Appl Physiol 2005; 98: 1057-1063
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Ibfelt T, Petersen EW, Bruunsgaard H, Sandmand M, Pedersen BK. Exercise-induced change in type 1 cytokine-producing CD8+ T cells is related to a decrease in memory T cells. J Appl Physiol 2002; 93: 645-648
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Imai T, Hieshima K, Haskell C, Baba M, Nagira M, Nishimura M, Kakizaki M, Takagi S, Nomiyama H, Schall TJ, Yoshie O. Identification and molecular characterization of fractalkine receptor CX3CR1, which mediates both leukocyte migration and adhesion. Cell 1997; 91: 521-530
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Kendall A, Hoffman-Goetz L, Houston M, MacNeil B, Arumugam Y. Exercise and blood lymphocyte subset responses: intensity, duration, and subject fitness effects. J Appl Physiol 1990; 69: 251-260
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Kuliczkowski K, Monkiewicz M, Zaton M, Zagrobelny Z. Lymphocyte subpopulations after different exercise tests in differently trained young athletes. Biol Sport 1997; 14: 73-77
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Mars M, Govender S, Weston A, Naicker V, Chuturgoon A. High intensity exercise: a cause of lymphocyte apoptosis?. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 249: 366-370
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Mooren FC, Bloming D, Lechtermann A, Lerch MM, Volker K. Lymphocyte apoptosis after exhaustive and moderate exercise. J Appl Physiol 2002; 93: 147-153
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Mooren FC, Lechtermann A, Volker K. Exercise-induced apoptosis of lymphocytes depends on training status. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004; 36: 1476-1483
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Navalta J, McFarlin B, Simpson R, Fedor E, Kell H, Lyons S, Arnett S, Schafer M. Finger-stick blood sampling methodology for the determination of exercise-induced lymphocyte apoptosis. J Vis Exp 2011;
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Navalta JW, McFarlin BK, Lyons TS, Faircloth JC, Bacon NT, Callahan ZJ. Exercise-induced lymphocyte apoptosis attributable to cycle ergometer exercise in endurance-trained individuals. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2009; 34: 603-608
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Navalta JW, Sedlock DA, Park KS. Blood treatment influences the yield of apoptotic lymphocytes after maximal exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005; 37: 369-373
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Navalta JW, Sedlock DA, Park KS. Effect of exercise intensity on exercise-induced lymphocyte apoptosis. Int J Sports Med 2007; 28: 539-542
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Nieman DC. Immune response to heavy exertion. J Appl Physiol 1997; 82: 1385-1394
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Park KS, Lee Y. Exercise-induced lymphocyte apoptosis and relationship with level of lactate in smokers and non-smokers. Int J Exerc Sci 2011; 4: 204-216
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Park KS, Sedlock DA, Navalta JW, Lee MG, Kim SH. Leukocyte apoptosis and pro-/anti-apoptotic proteins following downhill running. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 111: 2349-2357
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Patlar S. Effects of acute and 4-week submaximal exercise on leukocyte and leukocyte subgroups. Isokinetics Exerc Sci 2010; 18: 145-148
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Pedersen BK, Hoffman-Goetz L. Exercise and the immune system: regulation, integration, and adaptation. Physiol Rev 2000; 80: 1055-1081
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Peters EM, Van Eden M, Tyler N, Ramautar A, Chuturgoon AA. Prolonged exercise does not cause lymphocyte DNA damage or increased apoptosis in well-trained endurance athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2006; 98: 124-131
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Shek PN, Sabiston BH, Buguet A, Radomski MW. Strenuous exercise and immunological changes: a multiple-time-point analysis of leukocyte subsets, CD4/CD8 ratio, immunoglobulin production and NK cell response. Int J Sports Med 1995; 16: 466-474
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Simpson RJ, Cosgrove C, Ingram LA, Florida-James GD, Whyte GP, Pircher H, Guy K. Senescent T-lymphocytes are mobilised into the peripheral blood compartment in young and older humans after exhaustive exercise. Brain Behav Immun 2008; 22: 544-551
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Simpson RJ, Florida-James GD, Whyte GP, Black JR, Ross JA, Guy K. Apoptosis does not contribute to the blood lymphocytopenia observed after intensive and downhill treadmill running in humans. Res Sports Med 2007; 15: 157-174
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Simpson RJ, Florida-James GD, Whyte GP, Guy K. The effects of intensive, moderate and downhill treadmill running on human blood lymphocytes expressing the adhesion/activation molecules CD54 (ICAM-1), CD18 (beta2 integrin) and CD53. Eur J Appl Physiol 2006; 97: 109-121
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Steensberg A, Morrow J, Toft AD, Bruunsgaard H, Pedersen BK. Prolonged exercise, lymphocyte apoptosis and F2-isoprostanes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2002; 87: 38-42
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Tuan TC, Hsu TG, Fong MC, Hsu CF, Tsai KK, Lee CY, Kong CW. Deleterious effects of short-term, high-intensity exercise on immune function: evidence from leucocyte mitochondrial alterations and apoptosis. Br J Sports Med 2008; 42: 11-15
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Walsh NP, Gleeson M, Shephard RJ, Gleeson M, Woods JA, Bishop NC, Fleshner M, Green C, Pedersen BK, Hoffman-Goete L, Rogers CJ, Northoff H, Abbasi A, Simon P. Position Statement part one: Immune function and exercise. Exerc Immunol Rev 2011; 17: 6-63
    PubMedGoogle Scholar