Einfluss von Genussmitteln auf das Glaukom

Zusammenfassung

Als Genussmittel werden Lebensmittel bezeichnet, die nicht wegen ihres Nährwerts und somit nicht zur Sättigung konsumiert werden. Klassische Genussmittel der Moderne sind Alkohol, koffeinhaltige Getränke, Kakao, Zucker und Tabak. Der folgende Übersichtsartikel möchte einige dieser modernen Genussmittel und ihren Einfluss auf das Glaukom im Einzelnen näher betrachten. So senkt Alkohol in kleinen Mengen den hohen Augendruck und hat einen positiven Einfluss auf die Durchblutung des Sehnervs. Darüber hinaus üben Rotweinpolyphenole vasoprotektive Effekte aus. Generell scheint Alkoholkonsum jedoch keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Prävalenz von Glaukom zu haben. Die wichtigste Quelle für Koffeinaufnahme ist der Kaffeekonsum. In einigen Studien bewirkte Kaffeekonsum keine Veränderungen des Augendrucks, während andere von einem Anstieg berichten. Eine große Studie konnte einen Zusammenhang zwischen starkem Kaffeeverbrauch und dem Risiko, an Pseudoexfoliationsglaukom zu erkranken, aufzeigen. Grüner und schwarzer Tee sind reiche Quellen von Flavonoiden mit antioxidativem Effekt. Zudem wurde ein leichter Trend zur Senkung des Augeninnendrucks gemessen. Bei Schokolade sollte man laut Studienlage die flavonoidreiche dunkle Schokolade mit antioxidativer Wirkung verzehren. Sie senkt den Blutdruck und verbessert die endothelabhängige Gefäßrelaxation. Ein Zuviel an Zuckerverzehr über viele Jahre kann bekanntlich zu einem erhöhten Body-Mass-Index (BMI) und einem Typ-2-Diabetes führen. Viele Studien zeigen einen positiven Zusammenhang zwischen BMI und Augendruck. Einige Studien haben signifikante Zusammenhänge zwischen Typ-2-Diabetes und Glaukomrisiko festgestellt. Rauchen, als weiteres sehr verbreitetes Genussmittel, verengt die Blutgefäße und mindert somit die Durchblutung des Sehnervs. Ansonsten ist die Studienlage bez. der Rolle des Rauchens als Risikofaktor für das Glaukom noch sehr uneinheitlich. Genussmittel können also Effekte auf das Glaukom haben, daher sollte bei Glaukompatienten zusätzlich nach dem Konsum diverser Genussmitteln in der Anamnese gefragt werden.

Abstract

The term “luxury foodstuffs” refers to foods which are not consumed because of their nutritional value. Classic modern luxury foodstuffs are alcohol, caffeine-containing drinks, cocoa, sugar and tobacco. The following review article examines some of these modern luxury foodstuffs in detail, as well as their influence on glaucoma. Thus, small quantities of alcohol lower high intraocular pressure and have a positive influence on the blood circulation of the optic nerve. In addition, red wine polyphenols exert vasoprotective effects. In general, however, alcohol consumption appears to have no significant effect on the prevalence of glaucoma. The most important source of caffeine intake is coffee consumption. In some studies, coffee consumption caused no changes in intraocular pressure, while others reported a rise. A large study showed a connection between heavy coffee consumption and the risk of pseudoexfoliation glaucoma. Green and black teas are rich sources of flavonoids with antioxidant activity. In addition, a slight trend for lowering the intraocular pressure has been measured. As regards chocolate, flavonoid-rich dark chocolate should be favoured, due to its antioxidant activity. It lowers blood pressure and improves endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation. Excessive sugar consumption over many years can lead to increased body mass index (BMI) and type 2 diabetes. Many studies show a positive relationship between BMI and intraocular pressure. Some studies have identified significant correlations between type 2 diabetes and the risk of glaucoma. Smoking is a very widespread stimulant; it narrows the blood vessels and thus reduces the blood circulation of the optic nerve. Otherwise, studies on the role of smoking as a risk factor for glaucoma have been very inconsistent. Luxury foodstuffs may effect glaucoma and should be included in the medical history.

Schlüsselwörter

Glaukom - Alkohol - Rauchen - Koffein - Zucker - Schokolade

Key words

glaucoma - alcohol - smoking - caffeine - sugar - chocolate

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