Abstract
Periodontitis is a common inflammatory periodontal disease affecting a wide range
of population all over the world. The causing bacteria releases chemicals which activate
the innate immune system to release proinflammatory cytokines contributing to more
progression. This activates the acquired immune system leading to more progression
of periodontitis. As the immune response goes on, released cytokines and chemokines
can damage the periodontal ligaments, gingiva, and alveolar bone. There are many types
of cytokines and chemokines in periodontitis. Cytokines are peptide mediators who
are responsible for cell signaling and communication. Chemokines are a large subfamily
of cytokines having the ability to coordinate leukocyte recruitment and activation.
This paper is a narrative review of the literature.This review ensures that inflammatory
mediators in the case of periodontitis can cause a noticeable damage in the whole
apparatus of the periodontium. It causes soft tissue inflammation and bone damage
affected by the mediators of both innate and acquired immune system.The inflammatory
process is accompanied by large network of cytokines and chemokines. There is high
expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6,
IL-12, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and regulatory cytokines such as IL-4, IL-1(RA)
receptor antagonist, IL-10, and induced protein (IP)-10. There is also increased production
of cytokines IL-10, IL-12, interferon-γ, IP-10, IL-1RA, and IL-4. Cytokines IL-17,
IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and prostaglandin E2 trigger the osteoclast activity causing bone resorption.
Keywords
periodontitis - inflammation - mediators - cytokines - chemokines
