Zusammenfassung
Perioperative Hypothermie ist ein seit langem bekanntes Problem während Intubationsnarkose
und rückenmarksnaher Anästhesieverfahren. Seit einigen Jahren stehen effektive Therapiemöglichkeiten
in Form von konvektiven Wärmesystemen und Infusionswärmern zur Verfügung. Werden diese
aber erst intraoperativ eingesetzt, führt man nur eine symptomatische Therapie durch.
Pathophysiologisch liegt v. a. dem initialen Abfall der Körperkerntemperatur nach
Beginn des jeweiligen Anästhesieverfahrens eine Umverteilung (Redistribution) von
Wärmeenergie zu Grunde. Camus [15] und Sessler [16] haben auf dieser Basis das Verfahren des „pre-warming” eingeführt. Dem Patienten
wird hierbei schon vor Einleitung der Narkose konvektiv Wärmeenergie zugeführt. Der
Abfall der Kerntemperatur durch Redistribution kann hierdurch minimiert werden. „Pre-warming”
ist ein einfaches, effektives und kostengünstiges Verfahren zur Vermeidung perioperativer
Hypothermien. Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt einen kurzen Überblick über die Pathophysiologie
der perioperativen Hypothermie. Es werden die bislang vorliegenden publizierten klinischen
Erfahrungen diskutiert und Anregungen für den praktischen Einsatz gegeben.
Abstract
Perioperative hypothermia is a well known problem in general and neuroaxial anaesthesia.
Some years ago effective therapeutic means as e. g. forced air systems and infusion
heaters were introduced into clinical routine. If these systems are used intraoperatively
only, hypothermia is solely treated symptomatically. Pathophysiologic cause of perioperative
hypothermia mainly is an initial drop of core-temperature due to redistribution of
heat-energy. On this basis Camus [15] and Sessler [16] introduced pre-warming. Patients are warmed with forced-air systems prior to induction
of anaesthesia. Thus the drop in core-temperature caused by redistribution is minimized.
Pre-warming is a simple, effective and cheap way to reduce perioperative hypothermia.
This article gives a short overview on pathophysiology of perioperative hypothermia.
Published clinical experiences are discussed and practical guidelines for everyday-use
given.
Schlüsselwörter
Pre-warming - Hypothermie - Prophylaxe - Redistribution
Key words
Pre-warming - hypothermia - prophylaxis - redistribution
Literatur
- 1
Schoser G, Messmer M.
Perioperative Hypothermie.
Anaesthesist.
1999;
48
931-943
- 2
Morris R H.
Operating room temperature and the anesthetized paralyzed patient.
Arch Surg.
1971;
102
95-97
- 3
Sessler D I, Olofson C I, Rubinstein E H.
The thermoregulatory threshold in humans during nitrous oxide fentanyl anesthesia.
Anesthesiology.
1988;
69
357-364
- 4
Sessler D I, Olofson C I, Rubinstein E H, Beebe J J.
The thermoregulatory threshold in humans during halothane anesthesia.
Anesthesiology.
1988;
68
836-842
- 5
Leslie K, Sessler D I, Bjorksten A R, Ozaki M, Matsukawa T, Schröder M, Lin S.
Propofol causes a dose-dependent decrease in the thermoregulatory threshold for vasoconstriction
but has little effect on sweating.
Anesthesiology.
1994;
81
353-360
- 6
Gregory J S.
Incidence and timing of hypothermia in trauma patients undergoing operations.
J Trauma.
1991;
31
795-800
- 7
Sessler D I, Sessler A M, Hudson S, Moayeri A.
Heat loss during surgical skin preparation.
Anesthesiology.
1993;
78
1055-1064
- 8
Bernabei A F, Levison M A, Bender J S.
The effect of hypothermia and injury severity on blood loss during trauma laparatomy.
J Trauma.
1992;
33
835-839
- 9
Frank S M, Fleisher L A, Breslow M J, Higgins M S, Olson K F, Myers T P, Beattie C.
Postoperative ventricular tachycardia occursmore frequently in mildly hypothermic
patients: A prospective randomized trial.
Anesthesiology.
1995;
83
A79
- 10
Frank S M, Beattie C, Christopherson R, Norris E J, Perler B A, Williams G M, Gottlieb S O.
Unintentional hypothermia is associated with post-operative myocardial ischemia.
Anesthesiology.
1993;
78
468-476
- 11
Rohrer M U, Natale A M.
Effect of hypothermia on the coagulation cascade.
Critical Care Med.
1992;
20
1402-1405
- 12
Kurz A, Sessler D I, Lenhardt R, Narzt E, Kröll W, Polak G, Lackner F.
Perioperative hypothermia increases the incidence of surgical wound infections and
prolongs duration of hospitalisation.
Anesthesiology.
1995;
83
A227
- 13 Weyland A, Braun U, Kettler D (Hrsg.) Perioperative Hypothermie. Probleme, Prävention
und Therapie. Beiträge zu einem internationalen Symposium. A Ebelsbach: Aktiv Druck
und Verlag GmbH 1997
- 14
Sessler D I, Olofson C I, Rubinstein E H.
The thermoregulatory threshold in humans during nitrous oxide fentanyl anesthesia.
Anesthesiology.
1988;
69
357-364
- 15
Camus Y, Delva E, Lienhart A.
Preoperative skin-surface warming reduces intraoperative hypothermia.
Br J Anaesth.
1993;
70
37
- 16
Sessler D I.
Preoperative treatments that minimize intraoperative hypothermia.
Critical Care International.
1994;
1
1
- 17
Matsukawa T, Sessler D, Schroeder M, Merrifield B.
Optimal duration and temperature of pre-warming. Anesth.
Analg..
1995;
80
S305
- 18
Sessler D, Schroeder M, Merrifield B, Matsukawa T.
The optimal duration and temperature of prewarming.
Anesthesiology.
1995;
82
674-681
- 19
Heuer L, Blumenberg D.
Pre-warming - About its use in clinical routine.
Acta Anesth Scand.
1998;
112
258
- 20
Bock M, Muller J, Bach A.
Effects of preinduction and intraoperative warming during major laparotomy.
Br J Anaesth.
1998;
80
159-163
- 21
Melling A C, Ali B, Scott E M, Leaper D J.
Effects of preoperative warming on the incidence of wound infection after clean surgery:
A randomised controlled trial.
Lancet.
2001;
358
876-880
- 22
Horn E P, Schroeder F, Gottschalk A, Sessler D I, Hiltmeyer N, Standl T, Schulte am
Esch J.
Active warming during cesarean delivery.
Anesth Analg.
2002;
94
409-414
- 23
Hynson J M, Sessler D, Moayeri A, McGuire J, Schroeder M.
The effects of preinduction warming on temperature and blood pressure during propofol/nitrous
oxide anesthesia.
Anesthesiology.
1993;
79
219-228
Dr. med. Lars Heuer
Institut für Anaesthesiologie Klinikum Osnabrück
Am Finkenhügel 1
49028 Osnabrück
eMail: heuerlars@aol.com