Zusammenfassung
Die Prävalenz der Adipositas im Kindesalter nimmt zu. Gewichtsregulation und Nahrungsaufnahme
unterliegen komplexen Regulationsmechanismen. Eine entscheidende Rolle kommt dem leptinerg-melanocortinergen
Regelkreis zu. Ziel: Identifizierung von Mutationen im Melanocortin-4 Rezeptorgen (MC4R) und Analyse phänotypischer
Effekte identifizierter Mutationen, ebenso wie familiärer und kardiovaskulärer Risikofaktoren
bei deutschen adipösen Kindern und Jugendlichen. Patienten: Konsekutive Rekrutierung von 90 deutschen adipösen Kindern und Jugendlichen, im Alter
von 3 bis 16 Jahren, mit einem mittleren BMI-SDS von + 2,6. Methoden: Eine Mutationssuche im MC4R wurde mittels denaturierender Hochdruck-Flüssigchromatographie
(dHPLC), und anschließender Re-Sequenzierung der Proben mit aberrantem dHPLC Muster,
durchgeführt. Essverhalten und Adipositas-assoziierte familiäre Erkrankungen wurden
mittels semi-strukturierter Interviews erhoben. Metabolische Evaluation umfasste:
Orale Glukosetoleranztests (OGTT, WHO-Kriterien), Berechnung der Insulinresistenz
(Homeostasis Model Assessment, HOMA) und -sensitivität (ISI); Lipidpanel für den Lipidstatus,
Blutdruckbestimmung und abdominellen Ultraschall. Ergebnisse: Drei Patienten waren heterozygot für jeweils eine MC4R Mutation (Thr112Met, Ala175Thr
und Gly181Asp). Gly181Asp geht mit einem kompletten Funktionsverlust einher; bei Ala175Thr
und Thr112Met ist die Rezeptorfunktion eingeschränkt. BMI, Cholesterinspiegel und
Taillen/Hüft-Quotienten (W/H-Ratio) der Patienten mit MC4R-Mutationen waren nicht
unterschiedlich zu den Patienten ohne MC4R-Mutationen. Im Gesamtkollektiv korrelierten
Hypercholesterinämie (22 %) und -triglyceridämie (34 %) mit der W/H-Ratio. Eine pathologische
Glukosetoleranz zeigte sich bei 12 % des gesamten Patientenkollektivs. Patienten mit
einer normalen Glukosetoleranz hatten zu 68 % eine erhöhte Insulinresistenz (HOMA:
3,12; Referenzwert < 1,9) und eine erniedrigte Insulinsensitivität (ISI: 4,3; Referenzwert
> 7,2). Patienten mit MC4R-Mutationen zeigten eine normale Glukosetoleranz mit zur
Kontrollgruppe vergleichbaren Werten. Bluthochdruck wurde bei 24 % aller Patienten
gemessen und korrelierte mit dem BMI (r = + 0,8). Keiner der Patienten mit MC4R-Mutationen
hatte eine Hypertonie. Die Leptinspiegel der Patienten mit MC4R-Mutationen unterschieden
sich nicht von den Werten des restlichen Patientenkollektivs. Vier Patienten waren
heterozygot für zwei MC4R Polymorphismen (Val103Ile und Ile251Leu), einer war homozygot
für den Val103Ile Polymorphismus. Phänotypisch waren sie nicht von den Patienten ohne
MC4R-Varianten zu unterscheiden. Schlussfolgerung: Wir fanden bei unserem Untersuchungskollektiv, einer konsekutiven Inanspruchnahmepopulation
von 90 adipösen Kindern und Jugendlichen bei 3,3 % MC4R Mutationen (Thr112Met, Ala175Thr
und Gly181Asp) und bei 5,5 % MC4R Polymorphismen (Val103Ile, Ile251Leu). Kinder mit
MC4R-Mutationen wiesen kein erhöhtes metabolisches Risiko auf verglichen mit adipösen
Kindern und Jugendlichen ohne Rezeptorveränderungen. Das gesamte untersuchte Patientenkollektiv
zeigte jedoch erhöhte Risikofaktoren für die spätere Entwicklung von Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen.
Abstract
Background: The prevalence of childhood obesity is steadily increasing. Weight regulation and
food intake are subject to complex regulatory mechanisms. The leptinergic-melanocortinergic
system is known to be of major importance. Aim of the study: Identification of mutations in the melanocortin 4 receptor gene (MC4R) and of phenotypic
effects of detected mutations in German obese children and adolescents. Family specific
and cardiovascular risk factors were also analysed. Patients: Consecutive ascertainment of 90 obese children and adolescents with a medium BMI
SDS of + 2.6, age range 3 to 16 years. Methods: Mutation screen within the MC4R was carried out by denaturing high performance liquid
chromatography (dHPLC) and re-sequencing of samples with aberrant dHPLC patterns.
Eating behaviour and obesity-associated diseases within the families were evaluated
by semi-structured interviews. Metabolic evaluation included: oral glucose tolerance
test (OGTT, WHO criteria) for calculation of insulin resistance (Homeostasis Model
Assessment, HOMA) and insulin sensitivity index (ISI), lipid panel for lipid status,
blood pressure measurement and abdominal ultrasound. Results: Three patients were heterozygous MC4R mutation carriers (Thr112Met, Ala175Thr and
Gly181Asp). Gly181Asp leads to a complete loss of function; whereas Thr112Met and
Ala175Thr lead to a reduced receptor function. The patients with heterozygous MC4R
mutations had BMIs, cholesterol levels and waist to hip ratios (W/H) that did not
differ from the rest of our study group. The overall occurrence of hypertriglyceridemia
(34 %) and hypercholesterinemia (22 %) was correlated with the W/H-ratio. The overall
incidence of impaired glucose tolerance was 12 %. In those with a normal glucose tolerance
68 % already had an increased HOMA (mean 3.12; reference value < 1.9) and decreased
ISI (mean 4.3; reference value > 7.2). The patients with MC4R mutations had a normal
glucose tolerance with similar HOMA and ISI values compared to the rest of the patients.
Hypertension was found in 24 % of all cases and blood pressure was correlated with
BMI (r+ 0.8). None of the patients with MC4R mutations were hypertensive. Leptin levels
did not discriminate between patients with MC4R mutations and the other patients.
Five patients harboured one of the MC4R polymorphisms (Val103Ile, Ile251Leu). These
were phenotypically indistinguishable from the individuals without MC4R variants.
Conclusion: We detected MC4R mutations (Thr112Met, Ala175Thr and Gly181Asp) in 3.3 % and MC4R
polymorphisms (Val103Ile, Ile251Leu) in 5.5 % of the analysed obese children and adolescents,
respectively. The patients with MC4R mutations did not show a higher metabolic risk
compared to obese children and adolescents without mutations. However the total study
group is prone to an increased risk for developing metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.
Schlüsselwörter
Adipositas - Kind - metabolisches Risiko - Leptin - Insulin - MC4-Rezeptor-Gen
Key words
obesity - childhood - metabolic risk factors - leptin - insulin - MC4-receptor-gene
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Prof. Dr. S. A. Wudy
Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine · Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen
Feulgenstr. 12
35392 Giessen
Email: Stefan.Wudy@paediat.med.uni-giessen.de