Experimental evidence of stable water nanostructures in extremely dilute solutions, at standard pressure and temperature

Vittorio Elia; Giovanni Ausanio; Francesco Gentile; Roberto Germano; Elena Napoli; Marcella Niccoli

doi:10.1016/j.homp.2013.08.004

Homeopathy, Table of Contents

Homeopathy 2014; 103(01): 44-50
DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2013.08.004

Original Paper

Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Experimental evidence of stable water nanostructures in extremely dilute solutions, at standard pressure and temperature

Authors

Vittorio Elia

¹Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy
Giovanni Ausanio

³Department of Physics, CNR-SPIN University of Naples “Federico II”, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
Francesco Gentile

¹Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy
Roberto Germano

²PROMETE Srl, CNR Spin off, Via Buongiovanni 49, 80046 San Giorgio a Cremano, NA, Italy
Elena Napoli

¹Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy
Marcella Niccoli

¹Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy

Subject Editor:

Abstract

This paper presents the results of several experimental methods (FT-IR spectroscopy, UV–vis spectroscopy, fluorescence microscopy (FM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)) evidencing structural changes induced in extremely diluted solutions (EDS), which are prepared by an iterated process of centesimal (1:100) dilution and succussion (shaking). The iteration is repeated until an extremely high dilution is reached, so that the composition of the solution becomes identical to that of the solvent—in this case water—used to prepare it.

The experimental observations reveal the presence of supramolecular aggregates hundreds of nanometres in size in EDS at ambient pressure and temperature, and in the solid state. These findings confirm the hypothesis—developed thanks to previous physico-chemical investigations—that formation of water aggregates occurs in EDS. The experimental data can be analyzed and interpreted with reference to the thermodynamics of far-from-equilibrium systems and irreversible processes.

Keywords

EDS - Homeopathic medicine - Dissipative structures - Conductivity - IR spectroscopy - UV–vis spectroscopy - Fluorescence microscopy - AFM

Full Text

References

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