Effect of an homeopathic complex on fatty acids in muscle and performance of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Ana Paula Andretto; Mariana Manfroi Fuzinatto; Elton Guntendorfer Bonafe; Graciela Lucca Braccini; Ricardo Hideo Mori; Ricardo Ribeiro Pereira; Carlos Antonio Lopes Oliveira; Jesuí Vergíilio Visentainer; Lauro Vargas

doi:10.1016/j.homp.2014.02.001

Homeopathy, Table of Contents

Homeopathy 2014; 103(03): 178-185
DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2014.02.001

Effect of an homeopathic complex on fatty acids in muscle and performance of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Authors

Ana Paula Andretto

¹Post-graduate Program in Food Science, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
Mariana Manfroi Fuzinatto

¹Post-graduate Program in Food Science, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
Elton Guntendorfer Bonafe

²Department of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
Graciela Lucca Braccini

³Department of Animal Science, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
Ricardo Hideo Mori

³Department of Animal Science, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
Ricardo Ribeiro Pereira

²Department of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
Carlos Antonio Lopes Oliveira

³Department of Animal Science, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
Jesuí Vergíilio Visentainer

²Department of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
Lauro Vargas

¹Post-graduate Program in Food Science, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil

Subject Editor:

Abstract

Background: The homeopathic complex HomeoAqua Mega 3 ^® was designed to stimulate fish liver function resulting in enhanced lipid metabolism and improved overall performance. The effect of the complex in fatty acid compounds in the muscle tissues and the performance of Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) were evaluated.

Methods: A control diet with 40 mL of alcohol solution (30° Gay Lussac (GL) alcohol) per kg of feed and another diet with 40 mL/kg of the homeopathic complex were analysed in sex-reversed juvenile male Nile tilapia with mean initial weights of 89.54 g (±7.97) and 89.74 g (±8.83) and initial total mean lengths of 16.93 cm (±0.56) and 16.85 cm (±0.56) for the control and homeopathy-treated fish, respectively. Overall, 200 fish were distributed into 10 water tanks, with 20 specimens in each 600 L tank, they were kept for 63 days. Monitoring of the water's physical and chemical parameters was performed. Additionally, the percentage chemical composition and the composition of the muscle tissue fatty acids were determined, and fish performance was evaluated.

Results: No significant differences (p > 0.05) were found between treatments with regard to the water's physical and chemical parameters, moisture, ashes, proteins of the Nile tilapia muscular tissue and mean rates of total weight and length of the animals in the final period of the assay. The total lipid (TL) rates of the tilapia muscle tissue were 1.133 ± 0.2% at the start (control and homeopathy) and 0.908 ± 0.14% (control) and 0.688 ± 0.14% (homeopathy) at the end of the experiment (p < 0.06). The sum total of the SFAs (saturated fatty acids) was 338.50 ± 0.15 at the start (control and homeopathy) and 271.49 ± 0.34 mg/g of the TLs for the control and 226.12 ± 0.77 mg/g of TL for the homeopathy at the end of the experiment (p < 0.05). The n−6/n−3 ratio was also lower for the homeopathy-treated fish (8.45 ± 0.40) compared with the control fish (9.60 ± 0.14), (p < 0.05) at the end of the 63-day period.

Conclusion: Nile tilapia juveniles that received the HomeoAqua Mega-3 ^® in their diets had a decrease in the TL rates, mainly for the SFAs, and the n−6/n−3 ratio, compared with the control group, without any changes in the animal performance during the experimental period.

Keywords

Homeopathy - Population homeopathy - Aquaculture - Tilapia breeding - Total lipids - Fatty acids

Full Text

References

References
1 Real CM. Homeopatia populacional – Fundamentos e Ruptura de um Paradigma. www.realh.com.br/arquivos/site_downloads_498916459.pdf on 20 April 2010. Similares.
2 El-Sayed AFM. Tilapia culture. 2006. CABI Publishing; Wallingford, UK.:
3 MPA – Ministério da Pesca e Aqüicultura. Boletim Estatístico da Pesca e Aqüicultura, Brasil 2010. http://www.sepaq.pa.gov.br/files/u1/anuario_da_pesca_completo.pdf on 7 March 2012.
4 Rosenbaum P. Fundamentos de homeopatia. 1st edn. 2002. Ed. Roca; São Paulo: 459 pp.
5 Souza MFA. Homeopatia Veterinária. In: I Conferência Virtual Global sobre Produção Orgânica de Bovinos de Corte. 02 de setembro à 15 de outubro de 2002. http://www.cpap.embrapa.br/agencia/congressovirtual/pdf/portugues/02pt02.pdf on October 2010.
6 Maury E.A., Rudder C. Guia das plantas medicinais. 2002. Rideel; São Paulo.:
7 Vargas L., Ribeiro R.P. Homeopatia Populacional em Tilápias do Nilo Oreochromis nilotius. Manejo e Sanidade de Peixes em Cultivo 2009. Embrapa Amapá; Macapá: 106-131.
8 Cunniff P.A. Official methods of analysis of AOAC international. 1998. Association of Official Analytical Chemists; Arlington: in CD-Rom.
9 Bligh E.G., Dyer W.J. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can J Biochem Physiol 1959; (18) 37: 911-917.
10 Hartman L., Lago R.C.A. Rapid preparation of fatty acid methyl esters from lipids. Lab Pract 1973; 22: 475-477.
11 Maia E.L., Roddriguez Amaya D.B. Avaliação de um método simples e econômico para a metilação de ácidos graxos com lipídios de diversas espécies de peixes. Rev Inst Adolfo Lutz 1993; 53: 27-35.
12 Visentainer J.V. Analytical aspects of the flame ionization detector response of fatty acids esters in biodiesels and food. Quím Nova 2012; XY: 1-6.
13 Stoskopf M.K. Fish medicine. 1993. W.B. Saunders Company; Philadelphia: 882.
14 Ayres M., Ayres Júnior M., Ayres D.L., Santos A.S. BioEstat 2.0: aplicações estatísticas nas áreas das ciências biológicas e médicas. 2000. Sociedade Civil Mamirauá; Tefé, AM, Brasília: 259.
15 Furuya WM. Nutrição de peixes. In: Moreira HLM, Vargas L, Ribeiro RP, Zimmermann S. (Org.). Fundamentos da moderna aqüicultura. Canoas: Ulbra, 2001, pp 59–68.
16 Stevanato F.B. Aproveitamento de cabeças de tilápias de cativeiro na forma de farinha como alimento para merenda escolar. Master's Dissertation 2006. Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Department of Chemistry.;
17 Valentim-Zabott M., Vargas L., Ribeiro R.P.R. et al Effects of a homeopathic complex in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) on performance, sexual proportion and histology. Homeopathy 2008; (04) 97: 190-195.
18 Siena C.E., Natali M.R.M., Braccini G.L., Oliveira A.C., Ribeiro R.P., Vargas L. Efeito do núcleo homeopático homeopatila 100 ^® na eficiência produtiva em alevinos revertidos de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Semina. Ciências Agrárias 2010; (04) 31: 985-994.
19 Mercante C.T.J., Carmo C.F., Rodrigues C.J. et al Limnologia de viveiro de criação de tilápias do Nilo: avaliação diurna visando boas práticas de manejo. B. Inst. Pesca 2011; (01) 37: 73-84.
20 Braccini G.L. Resposta morfofuncional em tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) através do uso do Núcleo Homeopático Homeopatila 100 ^® . 2011. Universidade Estadual de Maringá; Departament of Animal Science.:
21 Ribeiro R.P. Espécies exóticas. Moreira H.L.M., Vargas L., Ribeiro R.P., Zimmermann S. Fundamentos da Moderna Aqüicultura. 2001. ULBRA; Canoas: 91-115.
22 Simões. Ribeiro C.F.A., Ribeiro S.C.A., Park K.J., MURR F.E.X. Composição físico-química, microbiológica e rendimento do filé de tilápia tailandesa (Oreochromis niloticus). Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment 2007; (03) 27: 608-613.
23 Tonial, Bravo, Souza, Matsushita, Furuya, Visentainer. Fatty acid contents in fractions of neutral lipids and phospholipids of fillets of tilapia treated with flaxseed oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc 2012; 1-8.
24 Visentainer J.V., Saldanha T., Bragagnolo N., Franco M.R.B. Relação entre teores de colesterol em filés de tilápias e níveis de óleo de linhaça na ração. Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment 2005; (02) 25: 310-314.
25 Ogawa M., Maia E.L. Manual de pesca: ciência e tecnologia do pescado. 1999. 1 Varela; São Paulo: 27-71.
26 Ackman R.G. Fatty acid analysis of freshwater fish lipids. J Am Oil Chem Soc 1996; 73: 537-538.
27 Cummings S., Ullman D. Guia natural de medicina homeopática: remédios seguros e eficazes para a sua família. 1999. Madras; São Paulo.:
28 Gebhardt R. Antioxidative, antiproliferative and biochemical effects in HepG2 cells of a homeopathic remedy and its constituent plant tinctures tested separately or in combination. Arzneim Forsch 2003; (12) 53: 823-830.
29 Gülçin I., Elias R., Gepdiremes A., Boyer L., Koksal E. A comparative study on the antioxidant activity of fringe tree (Chionanthus virginicus L.) extracts. Afr J Biotechnol 2007; (04) 6: 410-418.
30 Jotz J.C.P., Menezes H.S., Zagalli L., Chall C.A.M.G. Efeito do Chelidonium majus D3 sobre a hipercolesterolemia experimentalmente induzida em coelhos. Porto Alegre Rev AMRIGS 2008; (01) 52: 29-33.
31 Choi, Lee, Yim,. et al Hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) root and leaf on cholesterol-fed rabbits. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11.
32 Fereira A.S.P. Hepatotoxicidade: há evidências para o uso de hepatoprotetores?. Rev. Suplemento Hepatotoxicidade 2011; 39-40.
33 Abenavoli L., Aviello G., Capasso R., Milic N., Capasso F. Milk thistle for treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepat Monthly 2011; (03) 11: 173-177 http://hepatmon.com on January 2012.
34 Souza N.E., Visentainer J.V. Colesterol: da mesa ao corpo. 2006. Varela; São Paulo.:
35 Radjabian T., Huseini H.F. Anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-atherosclerotic activities of silymarins from cultivated and wild plants of Silybum marianum L. with different content of flavonolignans. Iran J Pharmacol Ther 2011; (02) 9.
36 Haddad Y., Vallerand D., Brault A., Haddad P.S. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of silibinin in a rat model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011; 2011.
37 Omena C.M.B., Menezes M.E.S., Carvalho C.M. et al Reflexos da utilização de farelo de coco sobre o valor nutricional do filé de tilápia-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1857). Campinas: Ciênc Tecnol Aliment 2010; (03) 30.
38 Bonafé E.G. Influência de diferentes fontes de ácidos graxos sobre a composição lipídica de tilápias do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) da linhagem GIFT. Dissertação de mestrado 2010. Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Química do Centro de Ciências Exatas.;
39 Department of Health And Social Security. Report in health and social subjects: nutritional aspects of cardiovascular disease 1994. 46 HMSO; London: 178.
40 Visentainer J.V., Franco M.R.B. Ácidos graxos em peixes: implicações nutricionais e aspectos analíticos no Brasil. Pubvet ISSN: 1982-1263 2007; 1 (05) Ed. 5, Art. 145.
41 Adams S.M. Status and use of biological indicators for evaluating the effects of stress in fish. Am Fisheries Soc Symp 8 1990; 1-8.
42 Sigismondi L.A., Weber L.J. Changes in avoidance response time of juvenile Chinook salmo exposed to multiple handling stress. Bethesda: Trans Am Fish Soc 1988; 117 (02) 196-201.