Abstract
Use of herbal dietary supplements by the public is common and has been happening for
centuries. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration has a limited scope
of regulation over marketed herbal dietary supplements, which may contain toxic botanical
compounds that pose a public health risk. While the Food and Drug Administration has
made efforts to prohibit the sale of unsafe herbal dietary supplements, numerous reports
have proliferated of adverse events due to these supplements. This literature review
investigates bioactive plant compounds commonly used in herbal dietary supplements
and their relative toxicities. Using primarily the National Library of Medicine journal
database and SciFinder for current reports, 47 toxic compounds in 55 species from
46 plant families were found to demonstrate harmful effects due to hepatic, cardiovascular,
central nervous system, and digestive system toxicity. This review further contributes
a novel and comprehensive view of toxicity across the botanical dietary market, and
investigates the toxicity of the top ten botanical dietary supplements purchased in
the United States of America to gauge the exposure risk of toxicity to the public.
The criteria of measuring toxicity in this review (plant compound, family, quantity,
and toxicity effects) across the entire market in the United States, with special
attention to those supplements whose exposure to the consumer is maximal, provides
a unique contribution to the investigation of botanical supplements.
Key words
toxicity - botanical - dietary supplements - plant - compound
