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Horm Metab Res 2019; 51(07): 419-436
DOI: 10.1055/a-0661-0341
Review

The 3PAs: An Update on the Association of Pheochromocytomas, Paragangliomas, and Pituitary Tumors

Paraskevi Xekouki
1   Department of Endocrinology, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
2   Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
,
Ana Brennand
2   Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
,
Ben Whitelaw
1   Department of Endocrinology, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
,
Karel Pacak
3   Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
,
Constantine A. Stratakis
4   Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Abstract

Pituitary adenomas (PA) and pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas (PHEO/PGL) are rare tumors. Although they may co-exist by coincidence, there is mounting evidence that genes predisposing in PHEO/PGL development, may play a role in pituitary tumorigenesis. In 2012, we described a GH-secreting PA caused by an SDHD mutation in a patient with familial PGLs and found loss of heterozygosity at the SDHD locus in the pituitary tumor, along with increased hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) levels. Additional patients with PAs and SDHx defects have since been reported. Overall, prevalence of SDHx mutations in PA is very rare (0.3–1.8% in unselected cases) but we and others have identified several cases of PAs with PHEOs/PGLs, like our original report, a condition which we termed the 3 P association (3PAs). Interestingly, when 3PAs is found in the sporadic setting, no SDHx defects were identified, whereas in familial PGLs, SDHx mutations were identified in 62.5–75% of the reported cases. Hence, pituitary surveillance is recommended among patients with SDHx defects. It is possible that the SDHx germline mutation-negative 3PAs cases may be due to another gene, epigenetic changes, mutations in modifier genes, mosaicism, somatic mutations, pituitary hyperplasia due to ectopic hypothalamic hormone secretion or a coincidence. PA in 3PAs are mainly macroadenomas, more aggressive, more resistant to somatostatin analogues, and often require surgery. Using the Sdhb +/− mouse model, we showed that hyperplasia may be the first abnormality in tumorigenesis as initial response to pseudohypoxia. We also propose surveillance and follow-up approach of patients presenting with this association.

Key words

pituitary adenoma - pheochromocytoma - paraganglioma - succinate dehydrogenase

Supplementary Material



Publikationsverlauf

Eingereicht: 13. März 2018

Angenommen: 09. Juli 2018

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
01. Oktober 2018

Georg Thieme Verlag
Rüdigerstraße 14,70469 Stuttgart, Germany

 

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