Suspension Training HIIT Improves Gait Speed, Strength and Quality of Life in Older Adults

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a 12-week high-intensity interval exercise (HIIT) training program involving suspension exercises (TRX) on the muscle strength, body composition, gait speed, and quality of life of older adults. A total of 82 older adults were randomly assigned to 3 groups: a HIIT group (n=28), a continuous intensity training group (MIIT group, n=27), or a control group (CG, n=27). Compared to MIIT and CG, participants of the HIIT group showed significant post-intervention improvements in BMI (p=.002 and p<.001, respectively) and gait speed (p<.001 for both). Handgrip strength increase was also observed after HIIT (p=.002), but no differences were observed with MIIT and CG. Compared with MIIT and control groups, HIIT showed improvements in the SF-36 domains: general health (p<.001 for both) health changes (p<.001 for both), vitality (p=.002 and p=.001 respectively) and physical functioning (p=.036 and p<.001 respectively). Our results suggest that a HIIT training program with TRX have benefits in BMI, handgrip strength, gait speed, and quality of life in older adults.

Key words

older adults - TRX - handgrip strength - gait speed - quality of life

• References

• 1 Adams SC, DeLorey DS, Davenport MH, Fairey AS, North S, Courneya KS. Effects of high-intensity interval training on fatigue and quality of life in testicular cancer survivors. Br J Cancer 2018; 118: 1313-1321
• 2 Aguilera-Castells J, Buscà B, Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe A, Montalvo AM, Peña J. Muscle activation in suspension training: A systematic review. Sports Biomech 2018; 14: 1-21
• 3 Aibar-Almazán A, Martínez-Amat A, Cruz-Díaz D, Jiménez-García JD, Achalandabaso A, Sánchez-Montesinos I, de la Torre-Cruz M, Hita-Contreras F. Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in Spanish community-dwelling middle-aged and older women: Association with balance confidence, fear of falling and fall risk. Maturitas 2018; 107: 26-32
• 4 Alonso J, Prieto L, Antonio JM. The Spanish version of the SF-36 Health Survey (the SF-36 health questionnaire): An instrument for measuring clinical results. Med Clin (Barc) 1995; 104: 771-776
• 5 Bartlett DB, Willis LH, Slentz CA, Hoselton A, Kelly L, Huebner JL, Kraus VB, Moss J, Muehlbauer MJ, Spielmann G, Kraus WE, Lord JM, Huffman KM. Ten weeks of high-intensity interval walk training is associated with reduced disease activity and improved innate immune function in older adults with rheumatoid arthritis: A pilot study. Arthritis Res Ther 2018; 20: 127
• 6 Bressel E, Wing JE, Miller AI, Dolny DG. High-intensity interval training on an aquatic treadmill in adults with osteoarthritis: Effect on pain, balance, function, and mobility. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28: 2088-2096
• 7 Byrne JM, Bishop NS, Caines AM, Crane KA, Feaver AM, Pearcey GE. Effect of using a suspension training system on muscle activation during the performance of a front plank exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28: 3049-3055
• 8 Campa F, Silva AM, Toselli S. Changes in phase angle and handgrip strength induced by suspension training in older women. Int J Sports Med 2018; 39: 442-449
• 9 Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. New York: Routledge Academic; 1988
• 10 Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F, Martin FC, Michel JP, Rolland Y, Schneider SM, Topinková E, Vandewoude M, Zamboni M. European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on?Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing 2010; 39: 412-423
• 11 Cugliari G, Boccia G. Core Muscle activation in suspension training exercises. J Hum Kinet 2017; 56: 61-67
• 12 Ellingsen Ø, Halle M, Conraads V, Støylen A, Dalen H, Delagardelle C, Larsen AI, Hole T, Mezzani A, Van Craenenbroeck EM, Videm V, Beckers P, Christle JW, Winzer E, Mangner N, Woitek F, Höllriegel R, Pressler A, Monk-Hansen T, Snoer M, Feiereisen P, Valborgland T, Kjekshus J, Hambrecht R, Gielen S, Karlsen T, Prescott E. High-Intensity interval training in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Circulation 2017; 135: 839-849
• 13 Emara HA, El-Gohary TM, Al-Johany AA. Effect of body-weight suspension training versus treadmill training on gross motor abilities of children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2016; 52: 356-363
• 14 Gaedtke A, Morat T. TRX suspension training: A new functional training approach for older adults – development, training control and feasibility. Int J Exerc Sci 2015; 8: 224-233
• 15 García-Pinillos F, Laredo-Aguilera JA, Muñoz-Jiménez M, Latorre-Román PA. Effects of 12-week concurrent high-intensity interval strength and endurance training programme on physical performance in healthy older people. J Strength Cond Res 2017;
• 16 Globas C, Becker C, Cerny J, Lam JM, Lindemann U, Forrester LW, Luft AR. Chronic stroke survivors benefit from high-intensity aerobic treadmill exercise: A randomized control trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2012; 26: 85-95
• 17 Gomes Neto M, Durães AR, Conceição LSR, Saquetto MB, Ellingsen Ø, Carvalho VO. High intensity interval training versus moderate intensity continuous training on exercise capacity and quality of life in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol 2018; 261: 134-141
• 18 Haider S, Luger E, Kapan A, Titze S, Lackinger C, Schindler KE, Dorner TE. Associations between daily physical activity, handgrip strength, muscle mass, physical performance and quality of life in prefrail and frail community-dwelling older adults. Qual Life Res 2016; 25: 3129-3138
• 19 Harriss DJ, Macsween A, Atkinson G. Standards for ethics in sport and exercise science research: 2018 Update. Int J Sports Med 2017; 38: 1126-1131
• 20 Harris S, Ruffin E, Brewer W, Ortiz A. Muscle activation patterns during suspension training exercises. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2017; 12: 42-52
• 21 Henderson GC, Irving BA, Nair KS. Potential application of essential amino Acid supplementation to treat sarcopenia in elderly people. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94: 1524-1526
• 22 Hita-Contreras F, Martínez-Amat A, Cruz-Díaz D, Pérez-López FR. Fall prevention in postmenopausal women: The role of Pilates exercise training. Climacteric 2016; 19: 229-233
• 23 Howcroft J, Kofman J, Lemaire ED. Review of fall risk assessment in geriatric populations using inertial sensors. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2013; 10: 91
• 24 Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Life expectancy (2017). On the internet: http://www.ine.es/ss/Satellite?L = es_ES&c = INESeccion_C&cid = 1259926380048&p = 1254735110672&pagename = ProductosYServicios/PYSLayout Date of online access: 22 December 2017
• 25 Jakobsen MD, Sundstrup E, Krustrup P, Aagaard P. The effect of recreational soccer training and running on postural balance in untrained men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 111: 521-530
• 26 Nikolich-Zugich J. The aging immune system: Challenges for the 21st century. Semin Immunol 2012; 24: 301-302
• 27 Katula JA, Sipe M, Rejeski WJ, Focht BC. Strength training in older adults: An empowering intervention. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006; 38: 106-111
• 28 Kelly NA, Ford MP, Standaert DG, Watts RL, Bickel CS, Moellering DR. High-intensity exercise prescription improves muscle mass, mitochondrial function, and physical capacity in individuals with Parkinson's disease. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 116: 582-592
• 29 Knowles AM, Herbert P, Easton C, Sculthorpe N, Grace FM. Impact of low- volume, high-intensity interval training on maximal aerobic capacity, health- related quality of lifeand motivation to exercise in ageing men. Age (Dordr) 2015; 37: 25
• 30 Latham NK, Craig SA, Arier L, Derrick AB, Anne M, Ian DC. For the Fitness Collaborative G: A randomized, controlled trial of quadriceps resistance exercise and vitamin D in frail older people: The Frailty Interventions Trial in Elderly Subjects (FITNESS). J Am Geriatr Soc 2003; 51: 291-299
• 31 Laurentani F, Russo C, Bandinelli S, Bartali B, Cavazzini C, Di Iorio A, Corsi A, Rantanen T, Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L. Age-associated changes in skeletal muscles and their effect on mobility: An operational diagnosis of sarcopenia. J Appl Physiol 2003; 95: 1851-1860
• 32 Lohman TG, Roche AF, Martorell R. Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual. Champaign, Il: Human Kinetics Books; 1988
• 33 Ma X, Sun W, Lu A, Ma P, Jiang C. The improvement of suspension training for trunk muscle power in Sanda athletes. J Exerc Sci Fit 2017; 15: 81-88
• 34 Maki BE. Gait changes in older adults: Predictors of falls or indicators of fear. J Am Geriatr Soc 1997; 45: 313-320
• 35 Martínez-Amat A, Hita-Contreras F, Lomas-Vega R, Caballero-Martínez I, Alvarez PJ, Martínez-López EJ. Effects of 12-week proprioception training program on postural stability, gait, and balance in older adults: A controlled clinical trial. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27: 2180-2188
• 36 Mitchell WK, Williams J, Atherton P, Larvin M, Lund J, Narici M. Sarcopenia, dynapenia, and the impact of advancing age on human skeletal muscle size and strength; A quantitative review. Front Physiol 2012; 3: 260
• 37 Mok NW, Yeung EW, Cho JC, Hui SC, Liu KC, Pang CH. Core muscle activity during suspension exercises. J Sci Med Sport 2015; 18: 189-194
• 38 Moreira MN, Bilton TL, Dias RC, Ferriolli E, Perracini MR. What are the main functioning factors associated with falls among older people with different perceived fall risk?. Physiother Res Int 2017; 22: e1664
• 39 Muhlberg W, Sieber C. Sarcopenia and frailty in geriatric patients: Implications for training and prevention. Z Gerontol Geriatr 2004; 37: 2-8
• 40 Murphy SL, Williams CS, Gill TM. Characteristics associated with fear of fallingand activity restriction in community-living older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002; 50: 516-520
• 41 Naimo MA, de Souza EO, Wilson JM, Carpenter AL, Gilchrist P, Lowery RP. High-intensity interval training has positive effects on performance in ice hockey players. Int J Sports Med 2015; 36: 61-66
• 42 Nemoto K, Gen-no H, Masuki S, Okazaki K, Nose H. Effects of High-intensity interval walking training on physical fitness and blood pressure in middle-aged and older people. Mayo Clin Proc 2007; 82: 803-811
• 43 Nilsson BB, Lunde P, Grøgaard HK, Holm I. Long-Term results of high-intensity exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation in revascularized patients for symptomatic coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2018; 121: 21-26
• 44 Oksuzyan A, Maier H, McGue M, Vaupel JW, Christensen K. Sex diferences in the level and rate of change of physical function and grip strength in the Danish 1905-cohort study. J Aging Health 2010; 22: 589-610
• 45 Okumiya K, Matsubayashi K, Nakamura T, Fujisawa M, Osaki Y, Doi Y. The timed up & go test is a useful predictor of falls in community-dwelling older people. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998; 46: 928-930
• 46 Onambélé GL, Breen L, Stewart CE. Influences of exercise intensity in older persons with unchanged habitual nutritional intake: Skeletal muscle and endocrine adaptations. Age (Dordr) 2010; 32: 139-153
• 47 Piccoli A, Codognotto M, Piasentin P, Naso A. Combined evaluation of nutrition and hydration in dialysis patients with bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA). Clin Nutr 2014; 33: 673-677
• 48 Pisciottano MV, Pinto SS, Szejnfeld VL, Castro CH. The relationship between lean mass, muscle strength and physical ability in independent healthy elderly women from the community. J Nutr Health Aging 2014; 18: 554-558
• 49 Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The Timed Up & Go: A test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991; 39: 142-148
• 50 Ramírez-Vélez R, Hernandez A, Castro K, Tordecilla-Sanders A, González-Ruíz K, Correa-Bautista JE, García-Hermoso A. High intensity interval-vs resistance or combined-training for improving cardiometabolic health in overweight adults (cardiometabolic hiit-rt study): Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2016; 17: 298
• 51 Sabol VK, Resnick B, Galik E, Gruber-Baldini AL, Morton PG, Hicks GE. Physical activity is associated with reduced risk of executive function impairment in older women. J Aging Health 2016; 28: 726-739
• 52 Sandstad J, Stensvold D, Hoff M, Nes BM, Arbo I, Bye A. The effects of high intensity interval training in women with rheumatic disease: A pilot study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115: 2081-2089
• 53 Stavrinou PS, Bogdanis GC, Giannaki CD, Terzis G. Hadjicharalambous high-intensity interval training frequency: Cardiometabolic effects and quality of life. Int J Sports Med 2018; 39: 210-217
• 54 Studenski S, Perera K, Patel C, Rosano K, Faulkner M, Inzitari J, Brach J, Chandler P, Cawthon EB, Connor M, Nevitt M, Visser S, Kritchevsky S, Badinelli T, Harris AB, New-man J, Cauley L, Ferrucci J, Guralnik J. Gait speed and survival in older adults. JAMA 2011; 305: 50-58
• 55 Turusheva A, Frolova E, Degryse JM. Age-related normative values for handgrip strength and grip strength's usefulness as a predictor of mortality and both cognitive and physical decline in older adults in northwest Russia. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2017; 17: 417-449
• 56 Van Schooten KS, Pijnappels M, Rispens SM, Elders JM, Lips P, van Dieën JH. Ambulatory fall-risk assessment: Amount and quality of daily-life gait predict falls in older adults. J Gerontol A: Biol Sci Med Sci 2015; 70: 608-615
• 57 Verghese J, Holtzer R, Lipton RB, Wang CF. Quantitative gait markers and incident fall risk in older adults. J Gerontol A: Biol Sci Med Sci 2009; 64: 896-901
• 58 Vilagut G, Ferrer M, Rajmil L, Rebollo P, Permanyer-Miralda G, Quintana JM, Santed R, Valderas JM, Ribera A, Domingo-Salvany A, Alonso J. The Spanish version of the Short Form 36 Health Survey: A decade of experience and new developments. Gac Sanit 2005; 19: 135-150
• 59 Ware Jr JE, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). I conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care 1992; 30: 473-483
• 60 Weiss A, Brozgol M, Dorfman M, Herman T, Shema S, Giladi N, Hausdorff JM. Does the evaluation of gait quality during daily life provide insight into fall risk? A novel approach using 3-day accelerometer recordings. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2013; 27: 742-752
• 61 Wells C, Kolt GS, Marshall P, Bialocerkowski A. Indications, benefits, and risks of Pilates exercise for people with chronic low back pain: A Delphi survey of Pilates-trained physical therapists. Phys Ther 2014; 94: 806-817
• 62 Woollacott MH. Age-related changes in posture and movement. J Gerontol 1993; 48: S56-S60