Schnelle zelluläre Reaktion und Anpassung an Schwerelosigkeit

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

Zelluläre Prozesse werden durch Änderungen der Gravitationskraft in vielfältiger Weise beeinflusst. In unseren Studien konnten wir in verschiedenen zellulären Systemen und in verschiedenen Forschungsplattformen (2D Klinostat, Parabelflüge, suborbitale Forschungsraketen, Internationale Raumstation) nachweisen, dass Reaktionen und Anpassungsprozesse bereits innerhalb von Sekunden bis Minuten nach Beginn der veränderten Schwerkraft auftreten. Diese schnellen Prozesse fanden sich in der Genexpression, der Zellzykluskontrolle, der Signaltransduktion, der Zytoskelettorganisation und des oxidativen Burst. Es stellt sich die Frage nach der Ursache der Transduktion einer unspezifischen Kraft in eine hochspezifische zelluläre Antwort, die in der Spezifität der zellulären Eigenschaften begründet liegen kann. Es ist denkbar, dass die Gravitationskraft der Erde die Chromatinarchitektur und deren Zugänglichkeit stabilisiert und eine homöostatische Bedingung für die Genexpression darstellt. Die Untersuchung mechanobiologischer Mechanismen der Genexpression in Schwerelosigkeit kann die Aufdeckung fundamentaler Prinzipien ermöglichen, wie mechanische Kräfte die Zellfunktion regulieren.

ABSTRACT

Cellular processes are influenced in many ways by changes in gravitational force. In our studies, we were able to demonstrate in various cellular systems and research platforms (2D clinostat, parabolic flights, suborbital research rockets, International Space Station) that reactions and adaptation processes occur within seconds to minutes after the onset of altered gravity. These rapid processes were found in gene expression, cell cycle control, signal transduction, cytoskeletal organization and oxidative burst. The question arises, how a non-specific force such as gravity-induced force, is transduced into a highly specific cellular response. It is conceivable, that Earth’s gravitational force stabilizes chromatin architecture and accessibility and constitutes a homeostatic condition for gene expression. The study of mechanobiological mechanisms of gene expression in weightlessness may allow uncovering of fundamental principles of how mechanical forces regulate cell function.

Key words

space flight - adaptation - microgravity

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