Neuronale Oszillationen als elektrophysiologischer Marker für Defizite der kognitiven Kontrolle bei psychischen Erkrankungen

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

Kognitive Kontrollprozesse sind wichtig, um eine Vielzahl an Alltagssituationen erfolgreich zu bewältigen. Bei psychischen Erkrankungen wie Schizophrenie oder Depression wurden Defizite in diesen Kontrollfunktionen beschrieben, wobei das kognitive Syndrom bei Depression in der klinischen Praxis häufig weniger Beachtung findet. In den vergangenen Jahren wurde den neuronalen Oszillationen als Korrelat für kognitive Kontrollleistungen vermehrt Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet und deren Veränderungen bei psychischen Erkrankungen untersucht. Die oszillatorische elektrische Hirnaktivität, also rhythmische Veränderungen neuronaler Aktivität, kann mit dem Elektroenzephalogramm (EEG) gemessen werden. In der Forschung kristallisierte sich dabei die oszillatorische Aktivität im Theta-Frequenzband als neuronales Korrelat von kognitiven Kontrollfunktionen und als wichtig für neuronale Kommunikation heraus. Befunde zeigen, dass Patienten mit Schizophrenie während der Lösung kognitiver Konflikte pathologische Veränderungen in diesem Frequenzband aufweisen. Bei Patienten mit Depression konnten diese Veränderungen noch nicht in solcher Deutlichkeit beschrieben werden. Der vorliegende Artikel führt in grundlegende Konzepte ein und beschreibt neuronale Oszillationen als Biomarker psychischer Erkrankungen, der zur Verbesserung der Diagnostik und Behandlung kognitiver Defizite beitragen könnte.

ABSTRACT

Cognitive control processes are important in order to successfully adapt to demands of daily life. Cognitive dysfunctions are described in various mental disorders such as schizophrenia or depression. However, especially the cognitive syndrome in depression receives less attention in clinical practice. Oscillatory electrical brain activity as neural correlate of cognitive control and its disturbance in mental disorders have received increasing attention in the recent years. Oscillatory electrical brain activity, i. e. rhythmic changes of neural activity, can be measured by the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in the theta frequency band has emerged in previous research as important for neural communication and as correlate of cognitive control. Patients with schizophrenia showed pathological changes in this frequency band while resolving cognitive conflicts. These changes could not yet be detected that clearly in patients with depression. The present article introduces basic concepts of this research and describes the potential of neural oscillations as biomarker in mental disorders, which could help to improve diagnostics and treatment of cognitive deficits.

Schlüsselwörter

EEG - neuronale Oszillationen - Theta - exekutive Funktionen - kognitive Kontrolle - kognitive Defizite - Schizophrenie - Depression

Key words

EEG - neural oscillations - theta - executive functions - cognitive control - cognitive impairment - schizophrenia - depression

Publikationsverlauf

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
04. Februar 2021

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