Impact of Cannabis Legalization on Umbilical Cord Tissue Tetrahydrocannabinol Levels

Kimberly Spence; Sarah Milota; Paula Buchanan; Nirja Acharya; Amit M. Mathur

doi:10.1055/a-2480-3163

American Journal of Perinatology, Table of Contents

Am J Perinatol 2025; 42(09): 1206-1212
DOI: 10.1055/a-2480-3163

Original Article

Impact of Cannabis Legalization on Umbilical Cord Tissue Tetrahydrocannabinol Levels

Authors

Kimberly Spence

¹Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, SSM Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital, Saint Louis, Missouri

²Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
Sarah Milota

¹Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, SSM Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital, Saint Louis, Missouri

²Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
Paula Buchanan

²Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
Nirja Acharya

¹Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, SSM Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital, Saint Louis, Missouri

²Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
Amit M. Mathur

¹Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, SSM Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital, Saint Louis, Missouri

²Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri

Abstract

Objective

This study aimed to assess the impact of cannabis legalization on both qualitative and quantitative umbilical cord tissue tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) rates and concentrations as a proxy for fetal exposure.

Study Design

This is a retrospective, observational study of umbilical cord tissue THC levels in a single center, comparing THC exposure rates and concentration levels before and after cannabis legalization in the state of Illinois, Epoch 1 (October 1, 2018–June 30, 2019, pre-legalization) and Epoch 2 (July 1, 2019–August 31, 2021, post-legalization).

Results

A total of 811 umbilical cords were analyzed during epoch 1 and 2,170 during epoch 2. A higher percentage of umbilical cord tissue tested positive for THC in Epoch 2 compared with Epoch 1 (46.2 vs. 40.6%; p < 0.01). Mean THC levels were 51% higher in umbilical cord tissue in Epoch 2 versus Epoch 1 (6.2 ng/g vs. 4.1 ng/g; p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Legalization of recreational cannabis was associated with more fetuses exposed to THC and in higher concentrations.

Key Points

THC concentration can be measured in umbilical cord tissue after birth.
THC positivity in umbilical cord tissue can be used as a proxy for fetal exposure to cannabis.
Umbilical cord tissue THC concentration and rates of positivity increased with the legalization of cannabis.

Keywords

cannabis - umbilical cord - tetrahydrocannabinol

Full Text

References

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