A Contemporary Review of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type 1: Structure, Function, Genetic Architecture, and Intracellular/Extracellular Roles

Jacob Wortley; Justin Vu; Neha Soogoor; Mebeli Becerra; Mohanakrishnan Sathyamoorthy

doi:10.1055/a-2698-4219

TH Open, Table of Contents

CC BY 4.0 · TH Open 2025; 09: a26984219
DOI: 10.1055/a-2698-4219

Review Article

A Contemporary Review of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type 1: Structure, Function, Genetic Architecture, and Intracellular/Extracellular Roles

Authors

Jacob Wortley‡^*

¹Sathyamoorthy Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Burnett School of Medicine at TCU, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
Justin Vu‡^*

¹Sathyamoorthy Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Burnett School of Medicine at TCU, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
Neha Soogoor

¹Sathyamoorthy Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Burnett School of Medicine at TCU, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
Mebeli Becerra

¹Sathyamoorthy Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Burnett School of Medicine at TCU, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
Mohanakrishnan Sathyamoorthy

¹Sathyamoorthy Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Burnett School of Medicine at TCU, Fort Worth, Texas, United States

²Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Science, Fort Worth Institute for Molecular Medicine and Genomics Research, Fort Worth, Texas, United States

Abstract

Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) is the key regulator of the fibrinolytic system, thereby acting as a potent mediator in thrombosis. Plasminogen activators such as PAI-1 mediate the conversion of the inactive zymogen plasminogen to plasmin, an active serine protease. As a member of the serpin superfamily, the highly conserved structure of PAI-1 is critical for its regulatory function. This review elucidates PAI-1 structure, function, and genetic architecture, and then discusses intracellular and extracellular functions that have broad implications for proliferative signaling and cell death, angiogenesis, cellular transit, and emerging roles in cancer biology. By understanding the complex and elaborate mechanism of PAI-1 in the fibrinolytic system and as a biomarker, PAI-1 may have broad implications across many disease states not related to its historical roles in fibrinolysis and thrombosis.

Keywords

PAI-1 - extracellular matrix - genetics - fibrinolytic system - cell migration - cell proliferation

Bibliographical Record
Jacob Wortley, Justin Vu, Neha Soogoor, Mebeli Becerra, Mohanakrishnan Sathyamoorthy. A Contemporary Review of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type 1: Structure, Function, Genetic Architecture, and Intracellular/Extracellular Roles. TH Open 2025; 09: a26984219.
DOI: 10.1055/a-2698-4219

Full Text

References

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