Clin Colon Rectal Surg 2009; 22(1): 060-072
DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1202888
© Thieme Medical Publishers

Fast Track Colorectal Surgery

Timothy C. Counihan1 , 2 , Joanne Favuzza1
  • 1Department of Surgery, Berkshire Medical Center, Pittsfield, Massachusetts
  • 2University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
09 March 2009 (online)

ABSTRACT

A “fast track” colon surgery program is the global package of perioperative care encompassing preoperative, operative, and postoperative techniques, which in aggregate result in fewer complications, a reduction in cost, less postoperative pain, a reduction in the hospital length of stay, and quicker return to work and normal activities. Results of fast track programs have shown significant advantages; however, strong evidence is forthcoming. Implementation of a fast track program requires a significant commitment and a multidisciplinary approach. Fast track principles may also be applied to anorectal surgery with good results.

REFERENCES

  • 1 Kehlet H, Wilmore D W. Multimodal strategies to improve surgical income.  Am J Surg. 2002;  183 630-641
  • 2 Schoetz D J, Bockler M, Rosenblatt M S et al.. “Ideal” length of stay after colectomy: whose ideal?.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1997;  40(7) 806-810
  • 3 White P F, Kehlet H, Neal J M, Schricker T, Carr D B, Carli F. The role of the anesthesiologist in fast-track surgery: from multimodal analgesia to perioperative medical care.  Anesth Analg. 2007;  104(6) 1380-1396
  • 4 Devereaux P J, Beattie W S, Choi PT-L et al.. How strong is the evidence for the use of perioperative beta-blockers in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery? A systematic review and metaanalysis.  BMJ. 2005;  331 313-321
  • 5 Kennedy J M, van Rij A M, Spears G F, Pettigrew R A, Tucker I G. Polypharmacy in a general surgical unit and consequences of drug withdrawal.  Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2000;  49 353-362
  • 6 Lobo D N, Bostock K A, Neal K R et al.. Effect of salt and water balance on recovery of gastrointestinal function after elective colonic resection: a randomized controlled trial.  Lancet. 2002;  359 1812-1818
  • 7 Lowell J A, Schifferdecker C, Driscoll D F, Benotti P N, Bistrian B R. Postoperative fluid overload: not a benign problem.  Crit Care Med. 1990;  18(7) 728-733
  • 8 Price J D, Sear J W, Venn R M. Perioperative fluid volume optimization following proximal femoral fracture.  Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;  (1) CD003004
  • 9 Brandstrup B, Tonnesen H, Beier-Holgersen R et al.. Effects of intravenous fluid restriction on postoperative complications: comparison of two perioperative fluid regimens: a randomized assessor-blinded multicenter trial.  Ann Surg. 2003;  238 641-648
  • 10 Nisanevich V, Felsenstein I, Almogy G et al.. Effect of intraoperative fluid management on outcome after intraabominal surgery.  Anesthesiology. 2005;  103 25-32
  • 11 Holte K, Foss N B, Andersen J. Liberal or restrictive fluid administration in fast track colonic surgery: a randomized, double-blind study.  Br J Anaesth. 2007;  99(4) 500-508
  • 12 Holte K, Kehlet H. Fluid therapy and surgical outcomes in elective surgery: a need for reassessment in fast-track surgery.  J Am Coll Surg. 2006;  202(6) 971-989
  • 13 Frank S M, Higgins M S, Breslow M J et al.. The catecholamine, cortisol, and hemodynamic responses to mild perioperative hypothermia: a randomized clinical trial.  Anesthesiology. 1995;  82 83-93
  • 14 Sessler D I. Non-pharmacologic prevention of surgical wound infection.  Anesthesiol Clin. 2006;  24(2) 279-297
  • 15 Kurz A, Sessler D I, Lenhardt R. Perioperative normothermia to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection and shorten hospitalization.  N Engl J Med. 1996;  334(19) 1209-1215
  • 16 Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations .Specifications Manual for National Hospital Quality Measures. Version 2.5 JCAHO. Oakbrook Terrace, IL; Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations 2008
  • 17 Rimback G, Cassuto J, Tollesson P. Treatment of postoperative paralytic ileus by intravenous lidocaine infusion.  Anesth Analg. 1990;  70 414-419
  • 18 Groudine S B, Fisher H A, Kaufman Jr R P et al.. Intravenous lidocaine speeds the return of bowel function, decreases postoperative pain, and shortens hospital stay in patients undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy.  Anesth Analg. 1998;  86 235-239
  • 19 Kaba A, Laurent S, Detroz B et al.. Intravenous lidocaine infusion facilitates acute rehabilitation after laparoscopic colectomy.  Anesthesiology. 2007;  106 11-18
  • 20 Wilmore D W. From Cuthbertson to fast track surgery: 70 years of progress in reducing stress in surgical patients.  Ann Surg. 2002;  236 643-648
  • 21 Rodgers A, Walker N, Schug S et al.. Reduction of post-operative mortality and morbidity with epidural or spinal anesthesia: results from and overview of randomized trial.  BMJ. 2000;  321 1493-1504
  • 22 Basse L, Hjort Jakobsen D, Billesbolle P, Werner M, Kehlet H. A clinical pathway to accelerate recovery after colonic resection.  Ann Surg. 2000;  232 51-57
  • 23 Senagore A J, Delaney C P, Mekhail N, Dugan A, Fazio V W. Randomized clinical trial comparing epidural anaesthesia and patient-controlled analgesia after laparoscopc segmental colectomy.  Br J Surg. 2003;  90 1195-1199
  • 24 Jorgensen H, Wetterslev J, Moiniche S, Dahl J B. Epidural local anaesthetics versus opioid-based analgesic regimens for postoperative gastrointestinal paralysis, PONV and pain after abdominal surgery.  Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;  (4) CD001893
  • 25 Neudecker J, Schwenk W, Junghans T, Pietsch S, Bohm B, Muller J M. Randomized controlled trial to examine the influence of thoracic epidural analgesia on postoperative ileus after laparoscopic sigmoid resection.  Br J Surg. 1999;  86 1292-1295
  • 26 Holte K, Sharrock N E, Kehlet H. Pathophysiology and clinical implication of perioperative fluid excess.  Br J Anaesth. 2002;  89 622-632
  • 27 Kehlet H, Wilmore D W. Evidence-based surgical care and the evolution of fast-track surgery.  Ann Surg. 2008;  248(2) 189-198
  • 28 Woodhouse A, Hobbes A FT, Mather L E, Gibson M. A comparison of morphine, pethidine and fentanyl in the postsurgical patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) environment.  Pain. 1996;  64 115-121
  • 29 Hong X, Mastraletti G, Zandi S, Stein B, Charlebois P, Carli F. Laparoscopy for colectomy accelerates restoration of bowel function when using patient controlled analgesia.  Can J Anaesth. 2006;  53(6) 544-550
  • 30 Murray R P, Watson R C. Acute renal failure and gastrointestinal bleed associated with postoperative toradol and vancomycin.  Orthopedics. 1993;  16(12) 1361-1363
  • 31 Souter A J, Fredman B, White P F. Controversies in the perioperative use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.  Anesth Analg. 1994;  79(6) 1178-1190
  • 32 Schlachta C M, Burpee S E, Fernandez C, Chan B, Mamazza J, Poulin E C. Optimizing recovery after laparoscopic colon surgery (ORAL-CS).  Surg Endosc. 2007;  21 2212-2219
  • 33 Capelle W. Die bedentung des wundschmerzes und seiner ausschaltung fur dan ablauf der atmung bei laparotomierte.  Dtsch Z Chir. 1935;  246 466-485
  • 34 Patel J M, Lanzafame R J, Williams J S et al.. The effect of incisional infiltration of bupivacaine hydrochloride upon pulmonary functions, atelectasis and narcotic need following elective cholecystectomy.  Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1983;  157 338-340
  • 35 Cheong W K, Seow-Choen F, Eu K W, Tang C L, Heah S M. Randomized clinical trial of local bupivacaine perfusion versus parenteral morphine infusion for pain relief after laparotomy.  Br J Surg. 2001;  88 357-359
  • 36 Baig M K, Zmora O, Derdemezi J, Weiss E G, Nogueras J J, Wexner S D. Use of the ON-Q pain management system is associated with decreased postoperative analgesic requirement: double blind randomized placebo pilot study.  J Am Coll Surg. 2006;  202(2) 297-305
  • 37 Liu S S, Richman J M, Thirlby R C, Wu C L. Efficacy of continuous wound catheters delivering local anesthetic for postoperative analgesia: a quantitative and qualitative systematic review of randomized controlled trials.  J Am Coll Surg. 2006;  203(6) 914-932
  • 38 Apfel C C, Kranke P, Eberhart L H. Comparison of surgical site and patient's history with a simplified risk score for the prediction of postoperative nausea and vomiting.  Anaesthesia. 2004;  59(11) 1078-1082
  • 39 Goll V, Akca O, Greif R et al.. Ondansetron is no more effective than supplemental intraoperative oxygen for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting.  Anesth Analg. 2001;  92 112-117
  • 40 Carlisle J B, Stevenson C A. Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting.  Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;  (3) CD004125
  • 41 White P F, Song D. New criteria for fast-tracking after outpatient anesthesia: a comparison with the modified Aldrete's scoring system.  Anesth Analg. 1999;  88 1069-1072
  • 42 Behrns K E, Kircher A P, Galanko J A, Brownstein M R, Koruda M J. Prospective randomized trial of early initiation and hospital discharge on a liquid diet following elective intestinal surgery.  J Gastrointest Surg. 2000;  4 217-221
  • 43 Junger M, Schoenberg M H. Postoperative care in fast track surgery.  Transfusion Alternatives in Transfusion Medicine. 2007;  9 66-77
  • 44 Delaney C P, Fazio V W, Senagore A J, Robinson B, Halverson A L, Remzi F H. “Fast track” postoperative management protocol for patients with high co-morbidity undergoing complex abdominal and pelvic colorectal surgery.  Br J Surg. 2001;  88 1533-1538
  • 45 Egbert L D, Battit G E, Welch C E, Bartlett M K. Reduction of postoperative pain by encouragement and instruction of patients. A study of doctor-patient rapport.  N Engl J Med. 1964;  270 825-827
  • 46 Guenaga K, Atallah A N, Castro A A, Matos D DM, Wille-Jorgensen P. Mechanical bowel preparation for elective colorectal surgery.  Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;  (1) CD001544
  • 47 Black P R, Brooks D C, Bessey P Q, Wolfe R R, Wilmore D W. Mechanisms of insulin resistance following injury.  Ann Surg. 1982;  196 420-435
  • 48 Thorell A, Nygren J, Ljungqvist O. Insulin resistance: a marker of surgical stress.  Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 1999;  2 69-78
  • 49 Aligobevic A, Ljungqvist O. Pretreatment with glucose infusion prevents fatal outcome after hemorrhage in food deprived rats.  Circ Shock. 1993;  39 1-6
  • 50 Nygren J, Thorell A, Jacobsson H et al.. Preoperative gastric emptying. Effects of anxiety and oral carbohydrate administration.  Ann Surg. 1995;  222 728-734
  • 51 Nygren J, Soop M, Thorell A, Efendic S, Nair K S, Ljungqvist O. Preoperative oral carbohydrate administration reduces postoperative insulin resistance.  Clin Nutr. 1998;  17 65-71
  • 52 Gutniak M, Grill V, Efendic S. Effect of composition of mixed meals-low versus high-carbohydrate content-on insulin, glucagons, and somatostatin release in healthy human and in patients with NIDDM.  Diabetes Care. 1986;  9(3) 244-249
  • 53 Kehlet H, Nielson H J. Impact of laparoscopic surgery on stress responses, immunofunction, and risk of infectious complications.  New Horiz. 1998;  6(2, suppl) S80-S88
  • 54 Schwenk W, Bohm B, Witt C et al.. Pulmonary function following laparoscopic or conventional colorectal resection.  Arch Surg. 1999;  134 6-12
  • 55 Basse L, Jakobsen H D, Bardram L et al.. Functional recovery after open versus laparoscopic colonic resection. A randomized, blinded study.  Ann Surg. 2005;  241 416-423
  • 56 Bardram L, Funch-Jensen P, Kehlet H. Rapid rehabilitation in elderly patients after laparoscopic colonic resection.  Br J Surg. 2000;  87 1540-1545
  • 57 Schwenk W, Hasse O, Neudecker J, Muller J M. Short term benefits for laparoscopic colorectal resection.  Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;  (2) CD003145
  • 58 Wind J, Polle S W, Fung Kon Jin P HP. Systematic review of enhanced recovery programmes in colonic surgery.  Br J Surg. 2006;  93 800-809
  • 59 Levin A I. A new gastrodenal catheter.  JAMA. 1921;  76 1007-1009
  • 60 D'Costa H, Taylor E W. Patient management following uncomplicated elective gastrointestinal operations.  Br J Clin Pract. 1990;  44 552-555
  • 61 Jamieson W G, DeRose G, Harris K A. Routine nasogastric decompression after abdominal surgery?.  Can J Surg. 1992;  35 577-578
  • 62 Sagar P M, Kruegener G, MacFie J. Nasogastric intubation and elective abdominal surgery.  Br J Surg. 1992;  79 1127-1131
  • 63 Bauer J J, Gelernt I M, Salky B A, Kreel I. Is routine postoperative nasogastric decompression really necessary?.  Ann Surg. 1985;  201(2) 233-236
  • 64 Meltvedt R Jr, Knecht B, Gibbons G, Stahler C, Stojowski A, Johansen K. Is nasogastric suction necessary after elective colon resection?.  Am J Surg. 1985;  149 620-622
  • 65 Bashey A A, Cuschieri A. Patient comfort after upper abdominal surgery.  J R Coll Surg Edinb. 1985;  30 97-100
  • 66 Racette D L, Chang F C, Trekell M E, Farha G J. Is nasogastric intubation necessary in colon operations?.  Am J Surg. 1987;  154 640-641
  • 67 Cheatham M L, Chapman W C, Key S P, Sawyers J L. A meta-analysis of selective versus routine nasogastric decompression after elective laparotomy.  Ann Surg. 1995;  221 469-478
  • 68 Nelson R, Tse B, Edwards S. Systematic review of prophylactic nasogastric decompression after abdominal operations.  Br J Surg. 2005;  92 673-680
  • 69 McAlister F A, Bertsch K, Man J, Bradley J, Jacka M. Incidence of and risk factors for pulmonary complications after nonthoracic surgery.  Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;  171 514-517
  • 70 Soop M, Carlson G L, Hopkinson J et al.. Randomized clinical trial of the effects of immediate enteral nutrition on metabolic responses to major colorectal surgery in an enhanced recovery protocol.  Br J Surg. 2004;  91(9) 1138-1145
  • 71 Lewis S J, Egger M, Sylvester P A, Thomas S. Early enteral feeding versus “nil by mouth” after gastrointestinal surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials.  BMJ. 2001;  323(7316) 773-776
  • 72 Anderson H K, Lewis S J, Thomas S. Early enteral nutrition within 24 hours of colorectal surgery versus later commencement of feeding for postoperative complications (review).  Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;  (4) CD004080
  • 73 Wolff B G, Michelassi F, Gerkin T M, Techner L, Gabriel K, Du W, Wallin B A. and Alvimopan Postoperative Ileus Study Group . Alvimopan, a novel, peripherally acting μ opioid antagonist: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial of major abdominal surgery and postoperative ileus.  Ann Surg. 2004;  240(4) 728-735
  • 74 Delaney C P, Weese J L, Hyman N H et al.. Phase III trial of almivopan, a novel, peripherally acting mu opioid antagonist, for postoperative ileus after major abdominal surgery.  Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;  48 1114-1129
  • 75 Viscusi E R, Goldstein S, Witkowski T et al.. Alvimopan, a peripherally acting mu-opioid receptor antagonist, compared with placebo in postoperative ileus after major abdominal surgery; results of a randomized, double-blind, controlled study.  Surg Endosc. 2006;  20 64-70
  • 76 Jakobsen D H, Sonne E, Andreasson J, Kehlet H. Convalescence after colonic surgery with fast track versus conventional care.  Scand J Surg. 2004;  93 24-28
  • 77 Stephen A E, Berger D L. Shortened length of stay and hospital cost reduction with implementation of an accelerated clinical care pathway after elective colon resection.  Surgery. 2003;  133 277-282
  • 78 Basse L, Thorbol J E, Lossl K, Kehlet H. Colonic surgery with accelerated rehabilitation or conventional care.  Dis Colon Rectum. 2004;  47(3) 271-278
  • 79 Gatt M, Anderson D G, Reddy B S, Hayward-Sampson P, Tring I C, MacFie J. Randomized clinical trial of multimodal optimization of surgical care in patients undergoing major colonic resection.  Br J Surg. 2005;  92 1354-1362
  • 80 Walter C J, Smith A, Guillou P. Perceptions of the application of fast-track surgical principles by general surgeons.  Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2006;  88 191-195
  • 81 Li S, Coloma M, White P F et al.. Comparison of the costs and recovery profiles of three anesthetic techniques for ambulatory anorectal surgery.  Anesthesiology. 2000;  93 1225-1230
  • 82 Smith L E. Ambulatory surgery for anorectal diseases: an update.  South Med J. 1986;  79(2) 163-166
  • 83 Ferrera A, Gallagher J. The physician-owned ambulatory surgery center for colon and rectal surgery. In: Bailey HR, Snyder MJ Ambulatory Anorectal Surgery. New York; Springer 1999: 13-16
  • 84 White P F. Update on ambulatory anesthesia.  Can J Anaesth. 2005;  52(suppl 1) R1-R10
  • 85 Gudaityte J, Marchertiene I, Pavalkis D. Anesthesia for ambulatory anorectal surgery.  Medicina (Kaunas). 2004;  40(2) 101-111
  • 86 Liu S S, Strodtbeck W M, Richman J M, Wu C L. A comparison of regional versus general anesthesia for ambulatory anesthesia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.  Anesth Analg. 2005;  101 1634-1642
  • 87 Gepts E, Camu F, Cochshott I D et al.. Disposition of propofol administered as a constant rate intravenous infusion in humans.  Anesth Analg. 1987;  66 1256-1263
  • 88 Apfelbaum J L, Valawander C A, Gracela T H et al.. Eliminating intensive postoperative care in same day surgery patients using short-acting anesthetics.  Anesthesiology. 2002;  97 66-74
  • 89 Cousins M, Bridenbaugh P Neural Blockade in Clinical Anesthesia and Management of Pain. 2nd ed. Philadelphia; Lippincott 1988
  • 90 Rudkin G E. Local and regional anesthesia in the adult day surgery patient. In: Millar JM, Rudkin GE, Hitchcock M Practical Anesthesia and Analgesia for Day Surgery. Oxford; BIOS Scientific Publishers 1997: 207-210
  • 91 Sa Rego M M, Watcha M F, White P F. The changing role of monitored anesthesia care in the ambulatory setting.  Anesth Analg. 1997;  85 1020-1036
  • 92 Marti M C. Anesthesie loco-regionale en chirurgie proctologique.  Ann Chir. 1993;  47(3) 250-255
  • 93 Sun M Y, Canete J J, Friel J C et al.. Combination propofol/ketamine is a safe and efficient anesthetic approach to anorectal surgery.  Dis Colon Rectum. 2006;  49 1059-1065
  • 94 Greco D P, Miotti G, Della Volpe A, Magistro C, De Carli S, Pugliese R. Stapled hemorrhoidopexy: day surgery or one day surgery?.  Surg Oncol. 2007;  16(suppl 1) S173-S175
  • 95 Sayfan J, Becker A, Koltun L. Sutureless closed hemorrhoidectomy: a new technique.  Ann Surg. 2001;  234(1) 21-24
  • 96 Longo A. Treatment of hemorrhoids disease by reduction of mucosa and hemorrhoidal prolapsed with a circular suturing device: a new procedure. Paper presented at: 6th World Congress of Endoscopic Surgery June 3–6, 1998 Rome, Italy;
  • 97 Ceci F, Picchio M, Palimento D, Cali B, Corelli S, Spaziani E. Long-term outcome of stapled hemorrhoidopexy for grade III and grade IV hemorrhoids.  Dis Colon Rectum. 2008;  51 1107-1112
  • 98 Tjandra J J, Chan M K. Systematic review on the procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids (stapled hemorrhoidopexy).  Dis Colon Rectum. 2007;  50(6) 878-892
  • 99 Jayaraman S, Colquhoun P H, Malthaner R A. Stapled versus conventional surgery for hemorrhoids.  Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;  (4) CD005393
  • 100 Armstrong D N, Frankum C, Schertzer M E, Ambroze W L, Orangio G R. Harmonic scalpel hemorrhoidectomy.  Dis Colon Rectum. 2002;  45(3) 354-359
  • 101 Kaidar-Person O, Person B, Wexner S D. Hemorrhoidal disease: a comprehensive review.  J Am Coll Surg. 2007;  204(1) 102-117
  • 102 Armstrong D N, Ambroze W L, Schertzer M E, Orangio G R. Harmonic scalpel vs. electrocautery hemorrhoidectomy: a prospective evaluation.  Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;  44 558-564
  • 103 McCarus S D. Physiologic mechanism of the ultrasonically activated scalpel.  J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc. 1996;  3 601-608
  • 104 Haveran L A, Sturrock P R, Sun M Y et al.. Simple harmonic scalpel hemorrhoidectomy utilizing local anesthesia combined with intravenous sedation: a safe and rapid alternative to conventional hemorrhoidectomy.  Int J Colorectal Dis. 2007;  22 801-806
  • 105 Altomare D F, Milito G, Andreoli R et al.. Ligasure precise vs. conventional diathermy for Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy: a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial.  Dis Colon Rectum. 2008;  51 514-519
  • 106 Kwok S Y, Chung C C, Tsui K K, Li M KW. A double-blind, randomized trial comparing Ligasure and Harmonic Scalpel hemorrhoidectomy.  Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;  48 344-348
  • 107 White P F. Droperidol: a cost effective antiemetic for over thirty years.  Anesth Analg. 2002;  95 789-790
  • 108 Souter A J, Fredman B, White P F. Controversies in the perioperative use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.  Anesth Analg. 1994;  79 1178-1190
  • 109 Ding Y, White P F. Comparative effects of ketorolac, dezocine and fentanyl as adjuvants during outpatient anesthesia.  Anesth Analg. 1992;  75 566-571
  • 110 Coloma M, White P F, Huber P J, Tongier W K, Dullye K K, Duffy L L. The effect of ketorolac on recovery after anorectal surgery: intravenous versus local administration.  Anesth Analg. 2000;  90 1107-1110
  • 111 O'Donovan S, Ferrara A, Larach S, Williamson P. Intraoperative use of Toradol facilitates outpatient hemorrhoidectomy.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1994;  37(8) 793-799
  • 112 Place R J, Coloma M, White P F, Huber P J, Van Vlymen J, Simmang C L. Ketorolac improves recovery after outpatient anorectal surgery.  Dis Colon Rectum. 2000;  43(6) 804-808
  • 113 Tang J, Wang B, White P F et al.. Effect of timing of ondansetron administration on its efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and cost benefit as a prophylactic antiemetic in the ambulatory setting.  Anesth Analg. 1998;  86 274-282
  • 114 Coloma M, Duffy L L, White P F, Tongier W K, Huber Jr P J. Dexamethasone facilitates discharge after outpatient anorectal surgery.  Anesth Analg. 2001;  92 85-88
  • 115 Henzi I, Walder B, Tramer M R. Dexamethasone for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting: a quantitative systematic review.  Anesth Analg. 2000;  90 186-194
  • 116 Aasboe V, Raeder J C, Groegaard B. Betamethasone reduces postoperative pain and nausea after ambulatory surgery.  Anesth Analg. 1998;  87 319-323
  • 117 Scuderi P E, James R L, Harris L, Mimms G R. Multimodal antiemetic management prevents early postoperative vomiting after outpatient laparoscopy.  Anesth Analg. 2000;  91 1408-1414
  • 118 Yogendran S, Asokumar B, Cheng D, Chung F. A prospective, randomized double-blind study of the effect of intravenous fluid therapy on adverse outcomes after outpatient surgery.  Anesth Analg. 1995;  80 682-686
  • 119 Prasad M L, Abcarian H. Urinary retention following operations for benign anorectal diseases.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1978;  21(7) 490-492
  • 120 Toyonaga T, Matsushima M, Sogawa N et al.. Postoperative urinary retention after surgery for benign anorectal disease: potential risk factors and strategy for prevention.  Int J Colorectal Dis. 2006;  21(7) 676-682
  • 121 Petros J G, Bradley T M. Factors influencing postoperative urinary retention in patients undergoing surgery for benign anorectal disease.  Am J Surg. 1990;  159 374-376
  • 122 Bailey H R, Ferguson J A. Prevention of urinary retention by fluid restriction following anorectal operations.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1976;  19 250-252

Timothy C CounihanM.D. 

Department of Surgery, Berkshire Medical Center

725 North St., Pittsfield, MA 01201

Email: tcounihan@bhs1.org

    >