Zusammenfassung
Das CMV (Zytomegalievirus) ist ein ubiquitäres Virus, das üblicherweise zu einer asymptomatischen
oder klinisch harmlosen Infektion führt. Allerdings gibt es 2 Patientengruppen, deren
Reaktion auf eine CMV-Infektion erheblich schwerwiegender ausfällt: Patienten mit
intrauteriner Infektion und Patienten mit Immunschwäche. Zwar unterscheiden sich die
Manifestationen dieser Arten der Infektion, aber beide haben häufig beträchtliche
neurologische Folgen. Die Bildgebung spielt eine Schlüsselrolle bei der Diagnose kongenitaler
und erworbener CMV-Infektionen. Zu den neurologischen Befunden einer kongenitalen
CMV-Infektion gehören intrakranielle Verkalkungen, Migrationsanomalien, Volumenverlust
in Hirn und Kleinhirn, Ventrikulomegalie und Erkrankung der weißen Substanz. Bei Kindern
mit neurologischen Entwicklungsverzögerungen deuten solche Befunde auf eine kongenitale
CMV-Infektion hin, selbst wenn das Kind bei der Geburt keine Symptome zeigte. Bestimmte
Merkmale der Bildgebung können auch auf zukünftige neurologische Defizite bei symptomatischen
Säuglingen hinweisen. Eine erworbene CMV-Infektion ist potenziell tödlich bei immungeschwächten
Patienten, die eine HIV-Infektion oder AIDS haben oder bei denen eine Organ- oder
Knochenmarktransplantation vorgenommen wurde. Die Zeichen der Bildgebung bei erworbener
CMV-Infektion sind oft unspezifisch, können aber auf die Notwendigkeit einer weiteren
serologischen Untersuchung zur Feststellung einer CMV-Infektion hinweisen. Eine frühe
Diagnose und Behandlung einer CMV-Infektion des ZNS sind von entscheidender Bedeutung
für eine effektive Therapie. Voraussetzung für eine präzise Diagnose dieser häufigen
Infektion ist die Vertrautheit mit ihren Zeichen in der Bildgebung.
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous virus that usually results in asymptomatic or
clinically benign infection. However, there are two groups of patients whose response
to CMV infection is much more severe: those who are infected during fetal development
and those who are immunocompromised. Although the manifestations of these types of
infection differ, both often result in substantial neurologic sequelae. Imaging plays
a key role in the diagnosis of both congenital and acquired CMV infection. Neurologic
findings of congenital CMV infection include intracranial calcification, migrational
abnormalities, cerebral and cerebellar volume loss, ventriculomegaly, and white matter
disease. The presence of these fi ndings in children with neurodevelopmental delays
is suggestive of congenital CMV infection, even if the child was asymptomatic at birth.
Certain imaging features also may indicate future neurologic deficits in symptomatic
infants. Acquired CMV infection is potentially deadly in immunocompromised patients
such as those infected with human immunodeficiency virus or with acquired immune deficiency
syndrome and those with a history of solid organ or bone marrow transplantation. Imaging
findings of acquired CMV infection often are nonspecific; however, they may indicate
a need for further serologic analysis to determine if CMV infection is present. Early
recognition and treatment of central nervous system CMV infection is vital for effective
treatment, and familiarity with the imaging findings of this common infection is important
for accurate diagnosis.
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1 © 2010 The Radiological Society of North America. All rights reserved. Originally
published in English in RadioGraphics 2010; 30: 1779 – 1796. Translated and reprinted
with permission of RSNA. RSNA is not responsible for any inaccuracy or error arising
from the translation from English to German.
Sumit Pruthi MD
Department of Radiology
Monroe Carell Jr Children’s Hospital
Vanderbilt, 2200 Children’s Way, Suite 1423
Nashville, TN 37232–9700
Email: sumit.pruthi@vanderbilt.edu