Endoscopic findings of small-intestinal Epstein–Barr virus-associated T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder

A 71-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital in October 2009 with a 3-month history of severe diarrhea and weight loss of 5 kg with hypoalbuminemia. Computed tomography showed diffusely thickened small-intestinal wall and intra-abdominal lymphadenopathy. Capsule endoscopy revealed flattened villi throughout the small intestine ([Fig. 1]). Double-balloon enteroscopy confirmed diffusely atrophic small-intestinal villi and clearly visible Peyer’s patches ([Fig. 2]). No neoplastic changes were observed on hematoxylin and eosin staining of the small-intestinal mucosa, but atrophic villous structures tentatively suggested celiac disease ([Fig. 3]). Although blood tests indicated positivity for anti-gliadin antibodies, celiac disease was excluded as the patient’s symptoms were not alleviated by being on a gluten-free diet for 1 month.

Fig. 1 Capsule endoscopy findings in the small intestine. a Villous atrophy and flattening were found throughout the small intestine. b Red spots were observed in the lower small intestine.

Fig. 2  a – f Double-balloon endoscopy findings in the small intestine. a – c Small-intestinal villi were diffusely flattened and atrophic. d – f Peyer’s patches with swollen lymphoid follicles were clearly visible.

Fig. 3 Small-intestinal mucosa; hematoxylin and eosin staining. Villous structures are tentatively suggestive of celiac disease. Many lymphocytes without neoplastic changes were seen beneath the epithelial layer.

On the basis of suspected small-intestinal lymphoproliferative disorder we checked for Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection. High anti-EBV VCA-IgG and EA-IgG titers accompanied by a very high EBV-DNA load in the peripheral blood (6.3 × 105 copies/mL) suggested chronic active EBV infection. Southern blot analysis of EBV terminal repeats revealed monoclonal proliferation of the EBV-infected cells, which were shown by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis to be CD4 + T cells. EBV-encoded RNA in situ hybridization indicated a marked increase in the number of EBV-infected cells in the small-intestinal mucosa ([Fig. 4]). Taken together, a final diagnosis of small-intestinal EBV-associated T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder was made. Despite sequential treatment with cyclosporine and CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone), the patient died in March 2010.

Fig. 4 In situ hybridization of the small-intestinal mucosa. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-encoded RNA in situ hybridization revealed a marked increase in the number of EBV-infected cells in the small-intestinal mucosa (arrows).

EBV-associated T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder is rare and has a poor prognosis, with a median survival of only a few months despite intensive chemotherapy [1] [2]. In this case, proliferated B cells activated by EBV-infected CD4 + T cells may have induced diffuse villous atrophy by damaging the small-intestinal mucosal structure, and yielded clearly visible small-intestinal Peyer’s patches by increasing the volume of the lymphoid follicles. It is often difficult to differentiate small-intestinal lymphoproliferative disorders from celiac disease, which also originates from activated T cells and often shows similar endoscopic findings [3] [4] [5]. This case suggested that to suspect EBV infection endoscopically followed by histological detection of EBV-encoded RNA is an efficient way to diagnose small-intestinal EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disorders.

• References

• 1 Rezk SA, Weiss LM. Epstein–Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative disorders. Hum Pathol 2007; 38: 1293-1304
• 2 Carbone A, Gloghini A, Dotti G. EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disorders: classification and treatment. Oncologist 2008; 13: 577-585
• 3 Tursi A, Brandimarte G, Giorgetti GM et al. Endoscopic features of celiac disease in adults and their correlation with age, histological damage, and clinical form of the disease. Endoscopy 2002; 34: 787-792
• 4 Olds G, McLoughlin R, O’Morian C et al. Celiac disease for the endoscopist. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 56: 407-415
• 5 Dickey W. Endoscopic markers for celiac disease. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 3: 546-551