Kernaussagen
Im Gegensatz zu den passageren, fetalen Arrhythmien mit einer
Inzidenz von 10 %, kommen persistierende Arrhythmien mit einer
Inzidenz von 0,2–2 % deutlich seltener vor. Die meisten
fetalen Arrhythmien sind benigner Natur, jedoch können manche
Rhythmusstörungen auch zum Hydrops und intrauterinen Tod des Feten
führen. Unabdingbare Voraussetzung für die Diagnosestellung und ggf.
Einleitung einer Therapie ist daher eine differenzierte fetale Echokardiografie
mit M-Mode und Doppler-Echokardiografie. Weitere neuere Methoden der Diagnostik
stehen mit dem Nierengefäßdoppler und dem Tissue Doppler Imaging zur
Verfügung.
Die Ursachen fetaler Arrhythmien sind vielfältig: Sie
können rein maternalen Ursprungs sein (bestimmte Erkrankungen der Mutter,
Medikamente und Noxen), andererseits aber auch durch die Unreife des fetalen
Reizleitungssystems oder der unvollsätndigen Trennung der Kammern von den
Vorhöfen auf Ebene der Atrioventrikularklappen bedingt sein. Einzelne
fetale Arrythmien manifestieren sich als Extrasystolen, fetale Bradyarrythmien,
insbesondere AV-Blockierungen und als fetale Tachyarrhythmien. Therapeutisch
lassen sich isolierte AV-Blockierungen mit Sympathomimetika, Steroiden,
Plasmapherese oder Immunglobulinen behandeln; Tachyarrhythmien hingegen mit
Digoxin, Flecainid, Sotalol oder Amiodaron. Bei Letzterem ist ein Hydrops
fetalis jedoch ein wesentlicher Parameter der Therapieentscheidung und
beeinflusst ebenso die Prognose.
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F. Voigt
Frauenklinik des Universitätsklinikums Erlangen
Universitätsstr. 21–23
91054 Erlangen
eMail: franziska.voigt@uk-erlangen.de