Download PDF
Laryngorhinootologie 2011; 90: S44-S55
DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1270445
Referat

© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Störungen des Riechens und Schmeckens

Dysfunction of the Chemical Senses Smell and TasteT. Hummel1 , B. N. Landis2 , K.-B. Hüttenbrink3
  • 1HNO-Klinik, Universitätsklinikum, Dresden
  • 2HNO-Klinik, Universitätsklinikum, Bern
  • 3HNO-Klinik, Universitätsklinikum, Köln
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
26 April 2011 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Zusammenfassung

Riech- und Schmeckstörungen können das Leben stark beeinträchtigen. In den letzten Jahren wurden validierte und reliable Methoden zur Untersuchung des Riech- und Schmeckvermögens erarbeitet, die eine detaillierte Untersuchung dieser Sinnessysteme zulassen. Die teils sehr einfachen Methoden erlauben z. B. die prä- und postoperative Erfassung des Riech- und Schmeckvermögens im Sinne einer Qualitätskontrolle. Obwohl vereinzelte Ansätze zur Therapie existieren, sind unbedingt verblindete Vergleichsprüfungen zur Abgrenzung gegen die Spontanremission von Riech- und Schmeckstörungen vor einer Therapieempfehlung zu fordern. Bei der Therapie kommt den regenerativen Fähigkeiten des olfaktorischen Epithels besondere Bedeutung zu.

Abstract

Dysfunction of the Chemical Senses Smell and Taste

Dysfunction of the senses of taste and smell may strongly affect our lives. During the last years reliable techniques for the standardized investigation of the 2 senses have been introduced to clinical routine. These techniques are highly standardized and can be easily used, for example, for quality control before and after surgery. Although there are proven therapeutic approaches to taste or smell loss, by far not all patients can be helped. New ideas need to tested within rigorous double-blind studies. The regenerative capacity within the chemical senses provides a major basis for hopes on therapeutic success.

Schlüsselwörter

Nase - Olfaktologie - Gustologie - Therapie - Epidemiologie

Key words

nose - olfaction - gustation - therapy - epidemiology

Literatur

  • 1 Stevenson RJ. An initial evaluation of the functions of human olfaction.  Chem Senses. 2010;  35 3-20
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Miwa T, Furukawa M, Tsukatani T, Costanzo RM, DiNardo LJ, Reiter ER. Impact of olfactory impairment on quality of life and disability.  Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2001;  127 497-503
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Temmel AF, Quint C, Schickinger-Fischer B, Klimek L, Stoller E, Hummel T. Characteristics of olfactory disorders in relation to major causes of olfactory loss.  Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2002;  128 635-641
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Santos DV, Reiter ER, DiNardo LJ, Costanzo RM. Hazardous events associated with impaired olfactory function.  Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;  130 317-319
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Frasnelli J, Hummel T. Olfactory dysfunction and daily life.  Eur Arch Otolaryngol. 2005;  262 231-238
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Murphy C, Schubert CR, Cruickshanks KJ, Klein BE, Klein R, Nondahl DM. Prevalence of olfactory impairment in older adults.  Jama. 2002;  288 2307-2312
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Brämerson A, Johansson L, Ek L, Nordin S, Bende M. Prevalence of olfactory dysfunction: The Skövde population-based study.  Laryngoscope. 2004;  114 733-737
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Landis BN, Konnerth CG, Hummel T. A study on the frequency of olfactory dysfunction.  Laryngoscope. 2004;  114 1764-1769
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Vennemann MM, Hummel T, Berger K. The association between smoking and smell and taste impairment in the general population.  J Neurol. 2008;  255 1121-1126
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Doty RL, Shaman P, Applebaum SL, Giberson R, Siksorski L, Rosenberg L. Smell identification ability: changes with age.  Science. 1984;  226 1441-1443
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Mackay-Sim A, Johnston AN, Owen C, Burne TH. Olfactory ability in the healthy population: Reassessing presbyosmia.  Chem Senses. 2006;  31 763-771
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Wilson RS, Yu L, Bennett DA. Odor identification and mortality in old age.  Chem Senses. 2010;  Oct 5. [Epub ahead of print]
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Kobal G. Process for measuring sensory qualities and apparatus therefor. In: Patent Number 4,681,121. USA; 1987
    Google Scholar
  • 14 Witt M, Hummel T. Vomeronasal versus olfactory epithelium: Is there a cellular basis for human vomeronasal perception?.  Int Rev Cytol. 2006;  248C 209-259
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Frasnelli J, Lundström JN, Boyle JA, Katsarkas A, Jones-Gotman M. The vomeronasal organ is not involved in the perception of endogenous odors.  Hum Brain Mapp. 2010 Jun 24;  [Epub ahead of print]
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Schwanzel-Fukuda M, Pfaff DW. Structure and function of the nervus terminalis. In: Doty RL ed Handbook of olfaction and gustation New York: Marcel Dekker; 1995: 835-854
    Google Scholar
  • 17 Delank KW, Stoll W. Die Riechfunktion vor und nach endonasaler Operation der chronisch-polypösen Sinusitis.  HNO. 1994;  42 619-623
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Zhao K, Scherer PW, Hajiloo SA, Dalton P. Effect of anatomy on human nasal air flow and odorant transport patterns: implications for olfaction.  Chem Senses. 2004;  29 365-379
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Damm M, Vent J, Schmidt M, Theissen P, Eckel HE, Lötsch J, Hummel T. Intranasal volume and olfactory function.  Chem Senses. 2002;  27 831-839
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Pfaar O, Hüttenbrink KB, Hummel T. Assessment of olfactory function after septoplasty: A longitudinal study.  Rhinology. 2004;  42 195-199
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Landis BN, Frasnelli J, Reden J, Lacroix JS, Hummel T. Differences between orthonasal and retronasal olfactory functions in patients with loss of the sense of smell.  Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005;  131 977-981
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Moulton DG. Dynamics of cell populations in the olfactory epithelium.  Ann NY Acad Sci. 1974;  237 52-61
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Gradziadei PPC, Monti-Graziadei GA. Continuous nerve cell renewal in the olfactory system. In: Jacobson M edHandbook of sensory physiology vol IX New York: Springer; 1978: 55
    Google Scholar
  • 24 Breipohl W, Mackay-Sim A, Grandt D, Rehn B, Darrelmann C. Neurogenesis in the vertebrate main olfactory epithelium. In: Breipohl W ed Ontogeny of olfaction Berlin: Springer; 1986: 21-37
    Google Scholar
  • 25 Nakamura H, Fujiwara M, Kawasaki M, Nonomura N, Takahashi S. Age-related changes in dividing cells of the olfactory epithelium of the maturing guinea pig.  Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1998;  255 289-292
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Paik SI, Lehman MN, Seiden AM, Duncan HJ, Smith DV. Human olfactory biopsy: the influence of age and receptor distribution.  Arch Otolaryngol. 1992;  118 731-738
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Reden J, Mueller A, Mueller C,, Konstantinidis I, Frasnelli J, Landis BN, Hummel T. Recovery of olfactory function following closed head injury or infections of the upper respiratory tract.  Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;  132 265-269
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Ohloff G. Riechstoffe und Geruchssinn. Berlin: Springer Verlag; 1990
    Google Scholar
  • 29 Bignetti E, Cavaggioni A, Pelosi P, Persaud KC, Sorbi RT, Tirindelli R. Purification and characterization of an odorant-binding protein from cow nasal tissue.  Eur J Biochem. 1985;  149 227-231
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Briand L, Eloit C, Nespoulous C, Bézirard V, Huet JC, Henry C, Blon F, Trotier D, Pernollet JC. Evidence of an odorant-binding protein in the human olfactory mucus: location, structural characterization, and odorant-binding properties.  Biochemistry. 2002;  41 7241-7252
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Federico G, Maremmani C, Cinquanta L, Baroncelli GI, Fattori B, Saggese G. Mucus of the human olfactory epithelium contains the insulin-like growth factor-I system which is altered in some neurodegenerative diseases.  Brain Res. 1999;  835 306-314
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Buck L, Axel R. A novel multigene family may encode odorant receptors: a molecular basis for odor recognition.  Cell. 1991;  65 175-187
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Firestein S. How the olfactory system makes sense of scents.  Nature. 2001;  413 211-218
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Larsson M, Backman L. Modality memory across the adult life span: evidence for selective age-related olfactory deficits.  Exp Aging Res. 1998;  24 63-82
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Gottfried JA. Smell: central nervous processing.  Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;  63 44-69
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Shepherd GM. Perspectives on olfactory processing, conscious perception, and orbitofrontal cortex.  Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;  1121 87-101
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Doty RL, Cameron EL. Sex differences and reproductive hormone influences on human odor perception.  Physiol Behav. 2009;  97 213-228
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Huttenbrink KB. Riech- und Schmeckstörungen: Bewährtes und Neues zu Diagnostik und Therapie.  Laryngorhinootologie. 1997;  76 506-514
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Almkvist O, Berglund B, Nordin S. Odor detectability in successfully aged elderly and young adults.  Reports from the Dept of Psychology, Stockholm University. 1992;  744 1-12
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Landis BN, Hummel T, Hugentobler M, Giger R, Lacroix JS. Ratings of overall olfactory function.  Chem Senses. 2003;  28 691-694
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Shu CH, Hummel T, Lee PL, Chiu CH, Lin SH, Yuan BC. The proportion of self-rated olfactory dysfunction does not change across the life span.  Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2009;  23 413-416
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Amoore JE. Specific anosmias. In: Getchell TV, Doty RL, Bartoshuk LM, Snow JBJ eds Smell and taste in health and disease New York: Raven Press; 1991: 655-664
    Google Scholar
  • 43 Menashe I, Man O, Lancet D, Gilad Y. Different noses for different people.  Nat Genet. 2003;  34 143-144
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Henkin RI. Hyperosmia and depression following exposure to toxic vapors.  JAMA. 1990;  264 2803
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Blau JN, Solomon F. Smell and other sensory disturbances in migraine.  J Neurol. 1985;  232 275-276
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Leopold D. Distortion of olfactory perception: diagnosis and treatment.  Chem Senses. 2002;  27 611-615
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Hummel T, Welge-Luessen A. Erfassung des Riech- und Schmeckvermögens. In: Hummel T, Welge-Luessen A eds Riech- und Schmeckstörungen Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag KG; 2009: 43-59
    Google Scholar
  • 48 Landis BN, Frasnelli J, Croy I, Hummel T. Evaluating the clinical usefulness of structured questions in parosmia assessment.  Laryngoscope. 2010;  120 1707-1713
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Deems DA, Doty RL, Settle RG, Moore-Gillon V, Shaman P, Mester AF, Kimmelman CP, Brightman VJ, Snow JB. Jr Smell and taste disorders: a study of 750 patients from the University of Pennsylvania Smell and Taste Center.  Arch Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1991;  117 519-528
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Landis BN, Scheibe M, Weber C, Berger R, Brämerson A, Bende M, Nordin S, Hummel T. Chemosensory interaction: acquired olfactory impairment is associated with decreased taste function.  J Neurol. 2010;  257 1303-1308
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Gudziol H, Rahneberg K, Burkert S. [Anosmics are more poorly able to taste than normal persons].  Laryngorhinootologie. 2007;  86 640-643
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Stinton N, Atif MA, Barkat N, Doty RL. Influence of smell loss on taste function.  Behav Neurosci. 2010;  123 256-264
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Delank KW, Fechner G. Zur Pathophysiologie der posttraumatischen Riechstörungen.  Laryngol Rhinol Otol. 1996;  75 154-159
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Rombaux P, Mouraux A, Bertrand B, Nicolas G, Duprez T, Hummel T. Retronasal and orthonasal olfactory function in relation to olfactory bulb volume in patients with posttraumatic loss of smell.  Laryngoscope. 2006;  116 901-905
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Yamagishi M, Fujiwara M, Nakamura H. Olfactory mucosal findings and clinical course in patients with olfactory disorders following upper respiratory viral infection.  Rhinology. 1994;  32 113-118
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Konstantinidis I, Haehner A, Frasnelli J, Reden J, Quante G, Damm M, Hummel T. Post-infectious olfactory dysfunction exhibits a seasonal pattern.  Rhinology. 2006;  44 135-139
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Suzuki M, Saito K, Min WP, Vladau C, Toida K, Itoh H, Murakami S. Identification of viruses in patients with postviral olfactory dysfunction.  Laryngoscope. 2007;  117 272-277
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Seiden AM. Olfactory loss secondary to nasal and sinus pathology. In: Seiden AM ed Taste and smell disorders New York: Thieme; 1997: 52-71
    Google Scholar
  • 59 Delank KW, Stoll W. Pre- and postoperative olfactory function in patients with chronic sinusitis and nasal polyposis.  HNO. 1994;  42 619-623
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Kesslak JP, Cotman CW, Chui HC, Van den Noort S, Fang H, Pfeffer R, Lynch G. Olfactory tests as possible probes for detecting and monitoring Alzheimer's disease.  Neurobiol Aging. 1988;  9 399-403
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Ponsen MM, Stoffers D, Booij J, van Eck-Smit BL, Wolters ECh, Berendse HW. Idiopathic hyposmia as a preclinical sign of Parkinson's disease.  Ann Neurol. 2004;  56 173-181
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Haehner A, Boesveldt S, Berendse HW, Mackay-Sim A, Fleischmann J, Silburn PA, Johnston AN, Mellick GD, Herting B, Reichmann H, Hummel T. Prevalence of smell loss in Parkinson's disease–a multicenter study.  Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2009;  15 490-494
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Ansari KA, Johnson A. Olfactory function in patients with Parkinson's disease.  J Chron Dis. 1975;  28 493-497
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Doty RL, Deems D, Steller S. Olfactory dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: A general deficit unrelated to neurologic signs, disease stage, or disease duration.  Neurology. 1988;  38 1237-1244
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Haehner A, Hummel T, Hummel C, Sommer U, Junghanns S, Reichmann H. Olfactory loss may be a first sign of idiopathic Parkinson's disease.  Mov Disorders. 2007;  22 839-842
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Hummel T, Kobal G, Gudziol H, Mackay-Sim A. Normative data for the “Sniffin’ Sticks” including tests of odor identification, odor discrimination, and olfactory thresholds: an upgrade based on a group of more than 3 000 subjects.  Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;  264 237-243
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Braak H, Del Tredici K, Rüb U, de Vos RA, Jansen Steur EN, Braak E. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's disease.  Neurobiol Aging. 2003;  24 197-211
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Ross GH, Petrovitch H, Abbott RD, Tanner CM, Popper J, Masaki K, Lanner L, White LR. Association of olfactory dysfunction with risk for future Parkinson's disease.  Ann Neurol. 2008;  63 167-173
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Westermann B, Wattendorf E, Schwerdtfeger U, Husner A, Fuhr P, Gratzl O, Hummel T, Bilecen D, Welge-Lüssen A. Functional imaging of the cerebral olfactory system in patients with Parkinson's disease.  J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008;  79 19-24
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Welge-Lüssen A, Wattendorf E, Schwerdtfeger U, Fuhr P, Bilecen D, Hummel T, Westermann B. Olfactory-induced brain activity in Parkinson's disease relates to the expression of event-related potentials: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.  Neuroscience. 2009;  162 537-543
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Wenning GK, Shephard B, Hawkes C, Petruckevitch A, Lees A, Quinn N. Olfactory function in atypical parkinsonian syndromes.  Acta Neurol Scand. 1995;  91 247-250
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Nordin S, Paulsen JS, Murphy C. Sensory- and memory-mediated olfactory dysfunction in Huntington's disease.  J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 1995;  1 281-290
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Hawkes C. Olfaction in neurodegenerative disorder.  Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;  63 133-151
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Mesholam RI, Moberg PJ, Mahr RN, Doty RL. Olfaction in neurodegenerative disease: a meta-analysis of olfactory functioning in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.  Arch Neurol. 1998;  55 84-90
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Wilson RS, Arnold SE, Schneider JA, Boyle PA, Buchman AS, Bennett DA. Olfactory impairment in presymptomatic Alzheimer's disease.  Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009;  1170 730-735
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Heilmann S, Hüttenbrink KB, Hummel T. Local and systemic administration of corticosteroids in the treatment of olfactory loss.  Am J Rhinol. 2004;  18 29-33
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Damm M, Eckel HE, Streppel M, Jungehülsing M, Stennert E. Abhängigkeit des uni- und bilateralen Riechvermögens von der nasalen Strömung bei Patienten mit chronischer Rhinosinusitis.  HNO. 2000;  48 436-443
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Gudziol H, Forster G. Zur Durchführung präoperativer Riechtests aus medicolegaler Sicht.  Laryngorhinootologie. 2002;  81 586-590
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Hummel T, Sekinger B, Wolf S, Pauli E, Kobal G. “Sniffin’ Sticks”: Olfactory performance assessed by the combined testing of odor identification, odor discrimination and olfactory threshold.  Chem Senses. 1997;  22 39-52
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Kobal G, Klimek L, Wolfensberger M, Gudziol H, Temmel A, Owen CM, Seeber H, Pauli E, Hummel T. Multicenter investigation of 1 036 subjects using a standardized method for the assessment of olfactory function combining tests of odor identification, odor discrimination, and olfactory thresholds.  Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2000;  257 205-211
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Hummel T, Konnerth CG, Rosenheim K, Kobal G. Screening of olfactory function with a four-minute odor identification test: reliability, normative data, and investigations in patients with olfactory loss.  Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2001;  110 976-981
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Hummel T, Pfetzing U, Lötsch J. A short olfactory test based on the identification of three odors.  J Neurol. 2010;  257 1316-1321
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Mueller C, Renner B. A new procedure for the short screening of olfactory function using five items from the “Sniffin’ Sticks” identification test kit.  Am J Rhinol. 2006;  20 113-116
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Royet JP, Hudry J, Zald DH, Godinot D, Grégoire MC, Lavenne F, Costes N, Holley A. Functional neuroanatomy of different olfactory judgments.  Neuroimage. 2001;  13 506-519
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Hedner M, Larsson M, Arnold N, Zucco GM, Hummel T. Cognitive factors in odor detection, odor discrimination, and odor identification tasks.  J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2010;  30 1-6
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Lötsch J, Reichmann H, Hummel T. Different odor tests contribute differently to the diagnostics of olfactory loss.  Chem Senses. 2008;  33 17-21
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Doty RL, Smith R, McKeown DA, Raj J. Tests of human olfactory function: principle component analysis suggests that most measure a common source of variance.  Percept Psychophys. 1994;  56 701-707
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Doty RL, McKeown DA, Lee WW, Shaman P. A study of the test-retest reliability of ten olfactory tests.  Chem Senses. 1995;  20 645-656
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Hummel T, Lange K, Lötsch J. Vergleich neuartiger Riechschwellenbestimmungen mit der „klassischen” Butanol-Schwelle.  Proceedings of the „Arbeitsgemeinschaft Olfaktologie/Gustologie der Deutschen HNO Gesellschaft” 2005 http://www.tu-dresden.de/medkhno/riechen_schmecken/dessau_2005.htm
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Haehner A, Mayer AM, Landis BN, Pournaras I, Lill K, Gudziol V, Hummel T. High test-retest reliability of the extended version of the “Sniffin’ Sticks” test.  Chem Senses. 2009;  34 705-711
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Doty RL, Shaman P, Kimmelman CP, Dann MS. University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test: a rapid quantitative olfactory function test for the clinic.  Laryngoscope. 1984;  94 176-178
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Mueller CA, Grassinger E, Naka A, Temmel AF, Hummel T, Kobal G. A Self-administered Odor Identification Test Procedure Using the “Sniffin’ Sticks”.  Chem Senses. 2006;  31 595-598
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Frank RA, Gesteland RC, Bailie J, Rybalsky K, Seiden A, Dulay MF. Characterization of the sniff magnitude test.  Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;  132 532-536
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Güttich H. Gustatorische Riechprüfung mit Riechstoffen und Mischreizschmeckstoffen.  Arch Ohren Nasen Kehlk Heilk. 1961;  178 327-330
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Güttich H. Intravenös verabreichte Riechstoffe: Gustatorisches Riechen.  HNO. 1965;  13 42-45
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Hummel T, Rosenheim K, Knecht M, Heilmann S, Mürbe D, Hüttenbrink KB. Der gustatorische Riechtest in der Technik nach Güttich: Eine Überprüfung der klinischen Brauchbarkeit.  Laryngorhinootologie. 1999;  78 627-631
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Heilmann S, Strehle G, Rosenheim K, Damm M, Hummel T. Clinical assessment of retronasal olfactory function.  Arch Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2002;  128 414-418
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Heilmann S, Hummel T. A new method for comparing orthonasal and retronasal olfaction.  Behav Neurosci. 2004;  118 412-419
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Leon EA, Catalanotto FA, Werning JW. Retronasal and orthonasal olfactory ability after laryngectomy.  Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;  133 32-36
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Hummel T, Klimek L, Welge-Lüssen A, Wolfensberger G, Gudziol H, Renner B, Kobal G. Chemosensorisch evozierte Potenziale zur klinischen Diagnostik von Riechstörungen.  HNO. 2000;  48 481-485
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Kobal G. Elektrophysiologische Untersuchungen des menschlichen Geruchssinns. Stuttgart: Thieme Verlag; 1981
    Google Scholar
  • 102 Hummel T, Klimek L, Welge-Lüssen A, Wolfensberger G, Gudziol H, Renner B, Kobal G. Standards für die Ableitung chemosensorisch evozierter Potenziale zur klinischen Diagnostik von Riechstörungen.  HNO. 2000;  48 481-485
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Lotsch J, Hummel T. The clinical significance of electrophysiological measures of olfactory function.  Behav Brain Res. 2006;  170 78-83
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Rombaux P, Bertrand B, Keller T, Mouraux A. Clinical significance of olfactory event-related potentials related to orthonasal and retronasal olfactory testing.  Laryngoscope. 2007;  117 1096-1101
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Lascano AM, Hummel T, Lacroix JS, Landis BN, Michel CM. Spatio-temporal dynamics of olfactory processing based on event-related potentials.  Neuroscience. 2010;  167 700-708
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Knecht M, Hummel T. Recording of the human electro-olfactogram.  Physiol Behav. 2004;  83 13-19
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Lapid H, Schuster B, Schneidman E, Roth Y, Harel D, Sobel N, Hummel T. Odorant identity and concentration effects in electro-olfactograms recorded at the human olfactory epithelium.  J Neurophysiol. 2009;  102 2121-2130
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Yousem DM, Geckle RJ, Bilker WB, Doty RL. Olfactory bulb and tract and temporal lobe volumes. Normative data across decades.  Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998;  855 546-555
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Yousem DM, Geckle RJ, Bilker WB, Kroger H, Doty RL. Posttraumatic smell loss: relationship of psychophysical tests and volumes of the olfactory bulbs and tracts and the temporal lobes.  Acad Radiol. 1999;  6 264-272
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 Abolmaali N, Hummel T, Damm M. Moderne bildgebende Diagnostik bei Riechstörungen.  Laryngorhinootologie. 2009;  88 10-16
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 111 Rombaux P, Duprez T, Hummel T. Olfactory bulb volume in the clinical assessment of olfactory dysfunction.  Rhinology. 2009;  47 3-9
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 112 Haehner A, Rodewald A, Gerber JC, Hummel T. Changes of the volume of the human olfactory bulb with olfactory function.  Arch ORL. 2008;  134 621-624
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 113 Gudziol V, Buschhüter D, Abolmaali N, Gerber J, Rombaux P, Hummel T. Increasing olfactory bulb volume due to treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis – a longitudinal study.  Brain. 2009;  132 3096-3101
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 114 Frasnelli J, Lundström JN, Boyle JA, Djordjevic J, Zatorre RJ, Jones-Gotman M. Neuroanatomical correlates of olfactory performance.  Exp Brain Res. 2010;  201 1-11
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 115 Bitter T, Brüderle J, Gudziol H, Burmeister HP, Gaser C, Guntinas-Lichius O. Gray and white matter reduction in hyposmic subjects–A voxel-based morphometry study.  Brain Res. 2010;  1347 42-47
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 116 Bitter T, Gudziol H, Burmeister HP, Mentzel HJ, Guntinas-Lichius O, Gaser C. Anosmia leads to a loss of gray matter in cortical brain areas.  Chem Senses. 2010;  35 407-415
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 117 Gottfried JA, Winston JS, Dolan RJ. Dissociable codes of odor quality and odorant structure in human piriform cortex.  Neuron. 2006;  49 467-479
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 118 Iannilli E, Gerber J, Frasnelli J, Hummel T. Intranasal trigeminal function in subjects with and without an intact sense of smell.  Brain Res. 2007;  1139 235-244
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 119 Haxel BR, Murrell WG, Mackay-Sim A. Untersuchungen der Riechschleimhaut von anosmischen Patienten nach Schädel-Hirn-Trauma.  HNO. 2005;  53 688-689
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 120 Witt M, Bormann K, Gudziol V, Pehlke K, Barth K, Minovi A, Hähner A, Reichmann H, Hummel T. Biopsies of olfactory epithelium in patients with Parkinson's disease.  Mov Disord. 2009;  24 906-914
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 121 Féron F, Perry C, Cochrane J, Licina P, Nowitzke A, Urquhart S, Geraghty T, Mackay-Sim A. Autologous olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation in human spinal cord injury.  Brain. 2005;  128 2951-2960
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 122 Biacabe B, Faulcon P, Amanou L, Bonfils P. Olfactory cleft disease: an analysis of 13 cases.  Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;  130 202-208
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 123 Trotier D, Bensimon JL, Herman P, Tran Ba Huy P, Døving KB, Eloit C. Inflammatory obstruction of the olfactory clefts and olfactory loss in humans: a new syndrome?.  Chem Senses. 2007;  32 285-292
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 124 Mueller CA, Hummel T. Recovery of olfactory function after nine years: An unusual case report of posttraumatic anosmia.  J Med Case Reports. 2009;  3 9283
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 125 Minovi A, Hummel T, Ural A, Draf W, Bockmühl U. Predictors of the outcome of nasal surgery in terms of olfactory function.  Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;  265 57-62
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 126 Pade J, Hummel T. Olfactory function following nasal surgery.  Laryngoscope. 2008;  118 1260-1264
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 127 Jafek BW, Moran DT, Eller PM, Rowley 3rd JC, Jafek TB. Steroid-dependent anosmia.  Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1987;  113 547-549
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 128 Heilmann S, Just T, Göktas Ö, Hauswald B, Hüttenbrink K-B, Hummel T. Untersuchung der Wirksamkeit von systemischen bzw. topischen Kortikoiden und Vitamin B bei Riechstörungen.  Laryngo-Rhino-Otol. 2004;  83 729-734
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 129 Blomqvist EH, Lundblad L, Bergstedt H, Stjarne P. Placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind study evaluating the efficacy of fluticasone propionate nasal spray for the treatment of patients with hyposmia/anosmia.  Acta Otolaryngol. 2003;  123 862-868
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 130 Benninger MS, Hadley JA, Osguthorpe JD, Marple BF, Leopold DA, Derebery MJ, Hannley M. Techniques of intranasal steroid use.  Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;  130 5-24
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 131 Scheibe M, Bethge C, Witt M, Hummel T. Intranasal administration of drugs.  Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2008;  (in press)
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 132 Panagiotopoulos G, Naxakis S, Papavasiliou A, Filipakis K, Papatheodorou G, Goumas P. Decreasing nasal mucus Ca++ improves hyposmia.  Rhinology. 2005;  43 130-134
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 133 Hughes LF, McAsey ME, Donathan CL, Smith T, Coney P, Struble RG. Effects of hormone replacement therapy on olfactory sensitivity: cross-sectional and longitudinal studies.  Climacteric. 2002;  5 140-150
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 134 Henkin RI, Schecter PJ, Friedewald WT, Demets DL, Raff M. A double-blind study of the effects of zinc sulfate on taste and smell dysfunction.  Am J Med Sci. 1976;  272 285-299
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 135 Alpers DH. Zinc and deficiencies of taste and smell.  Jama. 1994;  272 1233-1234
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 136 Quint C, Temmel AFP, Hummel T, Ehrenberger K. The quinoxaline derivative caroverine in the treatment of sensorineural smell disorders: a proof of concept study.  Acta Otolaryngol. 2002;  122 877-881
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 137 Reden J, Herting B, Lill K, Kern R, Hummel T. Treatment of post-infectious olfactory disorders with minocycline: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.  Laryngoscope. 2010;  (in press)
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 138 Lill K, Reden J, Müller A, Zahnert T, Hummel T. Olfactory function in patients with post-infectious and post-traumatic smell disorders before and after treatment with vitamin A: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clincial trial.  Chem Senses. 2006;  31 A33
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 139 Garrett-Laster M, Russell RM, Jacques PF. Impairment of taste and olfaction in patients with cirrhosis: the role of vitamin A.  Hum Nutr Clin Nutr. 1984;  38 203-214
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 140 Duncan H. Postviral olfactory loss. In: Seiden AM ed Taste and smell disorders New York: Thieme; 1997: 72-78
    Google Scholar
  • 141 Vent J, Wang DW, Damm M. Effects of traditional Chinese acupuncture in post-viral olfactory dysfunction.  Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010;  142 505-509
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 142 Silas J, Doty RL. No evidence for specific benefit of acupuncture over vitamin B complex in treating persons with olfactory dysfunction.  Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010;  143 603
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 143 Henkin RI, Potolicchio SJJ, Levy LM. Improvement in smell and taste dysfunction after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.  Am J Otolaryngol. 2009;  Dec 18. [Epub ahead of print]
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 144 Silas J, Atif MA, Doty RL. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: a treatment for smell and taste dysfunction.  Am J Otolaryngol. 2010;  Sep 29. [Epub ahead of print]
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 145 Hummel T, Heilmann S, Hüttenbrink KB. Lipoic acid in the treatment of smell dysfunction following viral infection of the upper respiratory tract.  Laryngoscope. 2002;  112 2076-2080
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 146 Gudziol V, Hummel T. Effects of pentoxifylline on olfactory sensitivity: a postmarketing surveillance study.  Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;  135 291-295
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 147 Henkin RI, Velicu I, Schmidt L. An open-label controlled trial of theophylline for treatment of patients with hyposmia.  Am J Med Sci. 2009;  337 396-406
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 148 Hirsch AR, Dougherty DD, Aranda JG, Vanderbilt JG, Weclaw GC. Medications for Olfactory Loss: Pilot Studies.  J Neurol Orthop Med Surg. 1996;  17 109-114
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 149 Hummel T, Rissom K, Hähner A, Weidenbecher M, Hüttenbrink KB. Effects of olfactory training in patients with olfactory loss.  Laryngoscope. 2009;  119 496-499
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 150 Beidler LM, Smallman RL. Renewal of cells within taste buds.  J Cell Bio. 1965;  27 263-272
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 151 Srur E, Stachs O, Guthoff R, Witt M, Pau HW, Just T. Change of the human taste bud volume over time.  Auris Nasus Larynx. 2010;  37 449-455
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 152 Chaudhari N, Roper SD. The cell biology of taste.  J Cell Biol. 2010;  190 285-296
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 153 Behrens M, Reichling C, Batram C, Brockhoff A, Meyerhof W. Bitter taste receptors and their cells.  Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009;  1170 111-115
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 154 Bezençon C, le Coutre J, Damak S. Taste-signaling proteins are coexpressed in solitary intestinal epithelial cells.  Chem Senses. 2007;  32 41-49
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 155 Mojet J, Heidema H, Christ E. Sensitivity to the basic tastes: the effects of age.  Chemical Senses. 1996;  21 644
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 156 Doty RL. Gender and reproductive state correlates of taste perception in humans. In: McGill TE, Dewsbury DA, Sachs BD eds Sex and behaviour: status and prospectus New York: Plenum; 1978: 337-362
    Google Scholar
  • 157 Beidler LM. Saliva. In: Doty RL ed Handbook of olfaction and gustation New York: Marcel Dekker; 1995: 503-519
    Google Scholar
  • 158 Small DM, Jones-Gotman M, Zatorre RJ, Petrides M, Evans AC. Flavor processing: more than the sum of its parts.  Neuroreport. 1997;  8 3913-3917
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 159 Welge-Lüssen A, Dörig P, Wolfensberger M, Krone F, Hummel T. A study about the frequency of taste disorders.  J Neurol. 2010;  Oct 1. [Epub ahead of print]
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 160 Grant R, Miller S, Simpson D, Lamey PJ, Bone I. The effect of chorda tympani section on ipsilateral and contralateral salivary secretion and taste in man.  J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1989;  52 1058-1062
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 161 Nakazato Y, Imai K, Abe T, Tamura N, Shimazu K. Unpleasant sweet taste: a symptom of SIADH caused by lung cancer.  J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006;  77 405-406
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 162 Heckmann JG, Lang CJ. Neurological causes of taste disorders.  Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;  63 255-264
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 163 Bull TR. Taste and the chorda tympani.  J Larnygol Otol. 1965;  79 479-493
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 164 Ackerman BH, Kasbekar N. Disturbances of taste and smell induced by drugs.  Pharmacotherapy. 1997;  17 482-496
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 165 Doty RL, Bromley SM. Effects of drugs on olfaction and taste.  Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2004;  37 1229-1254
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 166 Grushka M, Epstein JB, Gorsky M. Burning mouth syndrome and other oral sensory disorders: A unifying hypothesis.  Pain Res Manag. 2003;  8 133-135
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 167 Forabosco A, Criscuolo M, Coukos G, Uccelli E, Weinstein R, Spinato S, Botticelli A, Volpe A. Efficacy of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women with oral discomfort.  Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1992;  73 570-574
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 168 Landis BN, Just T. Schmeckstörungen. In: Hummel T, Welge-Luessen A eds Riech- und Schmeckstörungen Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag KG; 2009: 95-106
    Google Scholar
  • 169 Gudziol H, Hummel T. Normative values for the assessment of gustatory function using liquid tastants.  Acta Otolaryngol. 2007;  127 658-661
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 170 Tomita H. Methods in taste examination. In: Surjan L, Bodo G, eds, Proc XIIth ORL World Congr, Budapest, Hungary, 1981 Amsterdam, Oxford: Excerpta Medica; 1982: 627
    Google Scholar
  • 171 Mueller C, Kallert S, Renner B, Stiassny K, Temmel AF, Hummel T, Kobal G. Quantitative assessment of gustatory function in a clinical context using impregnated “taste strips”.  Rhinology. 2003;  41 2-6
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 172 Landis BN, Welge-Luessen A, Brämerson A, Bende M, Mueller CA, Nordin S, Hummel T. “Taste Strips” – a rapid, lateralized, gustatory bedside identification test based on impregnated filter papers.  J Neurol. 2009;  256 242-248
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 173 Delwiche JF, Halpern BP, Lee MY. A comparison of tip of the tongue and sip and spit screening procedures.  Food Qual P. 1996;  7 293-297
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 174 Murphy C, Quinonez C, Nordin S. Reliability and validity of electrogustometry and its application to young and elderly persons.  Chem Senses. 1995;  10 499-503
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 175 Hummel T, Genow A, Landis BN. Clinical assessment of human gustatory function using event related potentials.  J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010;  81 459-464
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 176 Hummel C, Frasnelli J, Gerber J, Hummel T. Cerebral processing of gustatory stimuli in patients with taste loss.  Behav Brain Res. 2007;  185 59-64
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 177 Brandt H, Hauswald B, Langer H, Gleditsch J, Zahnert T. Wirksamkeit der Akupunktur bei der Therapie von idiopathischen Schmeckstörungen.  Dt Zeitschr Akupunktur. 2008;  51 24-31
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 178 Heckmann SM, Habiger S, Wichmann MG, Hummel T. Zinc gluconate in the treatment of dysgeusia: a double blinded controlled study.  Chem Senses. 2003;  28 E24
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 179 Barker KE, Batstone MD, Savage NW. Comparison of treatment modalities in burning mouth syndrome.  Aust Dent J. 2009;  54 300-305
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 180 Hampf G, Aalberg V, Sunden B. Experiences from a facial pain unit.  J Craniomand Cont Dent Ed. 1990;  114 267-272
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 181 Heckmann SM, Heckmann JG, Ungethum A, Hujoel P, Hummel T. Gabapentin has little or no effect in the treatment of burning mouth syndrome – results of an open-label pilot study.  Eur J Neurol. 2006;  13 e6-e7
    PubMedGoogle Scholar

Korrespondenzadresse

Prof. Dr. med. Thomas Hummel

HNO Klinik

Universitätsklinikum Dresden

Fetscherstraße 74

01037 Dresden

Email: thummel@mail.zih.tu-dresden.de

      >