Abstract
Platelets can release a heterogeneous pool of vesicles which include plasma membrane-derived
microparticles (PMPs) and multivesicular body-derived exosomes. As both vesicle types
are generated upon activation and their distinction is complicated due to an overlap
in their molecular properties and sizes, they are best discussed as an entity, the
platelet-derived microvesicles (PMVs). PMPs can be formed through several induction
pathways, which determine their different molecular profiles and facilitate tailor-made
participation in intercellular communication. This dynamic variability may lie behind
the multifaceted and sometimes very different observations of the PMPs in physiological
and pathological settings. Currently, little is known of platelet-derived exosomes.
In all, PMVs not only participate in several homeostatic multicellular processes,
such as hemostasis, maintenance of vascular health, and immunity, but they also play
a role in thrombotic and inflammatory diseases and cancer progression. In the past
few years, the number of original articles and reviews on microvesicles has dramatically
increased, but the data simultaneously raise further questions, the answers to which
depend on forthcoming analytical improvements. In this article, the differential activation
pathways and the molecular and functional properties of PMVs are reviewed in context
with their sometimes paradoxical role in health and in disease. Also, the methodological
issues of PMV detection and analysis are discussed in the light of recent advances
within the field.
Keywords
platelet - microparticle - microvesicle - exosome - nanoparticle tracking analysis
- transmission electron microscopy
