Modelling Developmental Changes in Repeated-Sprint Ability by Chronological and Skeletal Ages in Young Soccer Players

J. Valente-dos-Santos; M. J. Coelho-e-Silva; R. A. Martins; A. J. Figueiredo; E. S. Cyrino; L. B. Sherar; R. Vaeyens; B.C. H. Huijgen; M. T. Elferink-Gemser; R. M. Malina

doi:10.1055/s-0032-1308996

International Journal of Sports Medicine, Table of Contents

Int J Sports Med 2012; 33(10): 773-780
DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1308996

Training & Testing

Modelling Developmental Changes in Repeated-Sprint Ability by Chronological and Skeletal Ages in Young Soccer Players

Authors

J. Valente-dos-Santos

¹ Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
M. J. Coelho-e-Silva

¹ Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
R. A. Martins

¹ Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
A. J. Figueiredo

¹ Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
E. S. Cyrino

² State University of Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
L. B. Sherar

³ School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
R. Vaeyens

⁴ Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
B.C. H. Huijgen

⁵ Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
M. T. Elferink-Gemser

⁵ Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
R. M. Malina

⁶ Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas, Austin, United States

⁷ Department of Health and Physical Education, Tarleton State University, Stephenville, United States

Abstract

This study investigated the influence of chronological (CA) and skeletal ages (SA), anthropometry, aerobic endurance and lower limb explosive strength on developmental changes in repeated-sprint ability (RSA) in soccer players aged 11–17 years. Participants were annually followed over 5 years, resulting in 366 measurements. Multilevel regression modelling analysed longitudinal data aligned by CA and SA (Model 1 and 2, respectively). After diagnosing for multicollinearity, it was possible to predict RSA with 2-level hierarchical models [Model 1 (CA as Level 2 predictor): Log-Likelihood=1 515.29, p<0.01; Model 2 (SA as Level 2 predictor): Log-Likelihood=1 513.89, p<0.01]. Estimating sum of sprints for young soccer players are given by equations: sum of sprints=84.47 − 1.82×CA + 0.03×CA2 − 0.05×aerobic endurance − 0.10×lower limb explosive strength − 0.09×fat-free mass + 0.13×fat mass (Model 1); 73.58 − 0.43×SA − 0.05×aerobic endurance − 0.10×lower limb explosive strength − 0.08×fat-free mass − 0.45×training experience + 0.13×fat mass (Model 2). The models produced performance curves that may be used to estimate individual performance across adolescent years. Finally, the validity of each model was confirmed based on corresponding measurements taken on an independent cross-sectional sample.

Key words

youth soccer - longitudinal analysis - skeletal age - multilevel modelling - growth - skeletal maturation

Full Text

References

References
1 Armstrong N, McManus AM. Physiology of Elite Young Male Athletes. In: Armstrong N, McManus AM. (eds.). The Elite Young Athlete. Basel: Karger; 2011: 1-22
2 Armstrong N, Welsman JR. Anaerobic performance. In: Armstrong N, Mechelen WV. (eds.). Paediatric Exercise Science and Medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2000: 37-46
3 Bangsbo J. Fitness training in football: a scientific approach. Bagsvaerd: HO and Storm; 1994
4 Beunen G, Malina RM. Growth and physical performance relative to the timing of the adolescent spurt. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 1988; 16: 503-540
5 Bosco C, Luhtanen P, Komi PV. A Simple method for measurement of mechanical power in jumping. Eur J Appl Physiol O 1983; 50: 273-282
6 Buchheit M, Mendez-Villanueva A, Delhomel G, Brughelli M, Ahmaidi S. Improving repeated sprint ability in young elite soccer players: repeated shuttle sprints vs. explosive strength training. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24: 2715-2722
7 Buchheit M, Mendez-Villanueva A, Simpson BM, Bourdon PC. Match running performance and fitness in youth soccer. Int J Sports Med 2010; 31: 818-825
8 Buchheit M, Mendez-Villanueva A, Simpson BM, Bourdon PC. Repeated-sprint sequences during youth soccer matches. Int J Sports Med 2010; 31: 709-716
9 Buchheit M, Ufland P. Effect of endurance training on performance and muscle reoxygenation rate during repeated-sprint running. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 111: 293-301
10 Coelho e Silva MJ, Figueiredo AJ, Simoes F, Seabra A, Natal A, Vaeyens R, Philippaerts R, Cumming SP, Malina RM. Discrimination of U-14 soccer players by level and position. Int J Sports Med 2010; 31: 790-796
11 De Ste Croix MBA, Armstrong N, Chia MY, Welsman JR, Parsons G, Sharpe G. Changes in short-term power output in 10- to 12-year-olds. J Sports Sci 2001; 19: 141-148
12 Falk B, Bar-Or O. Longitudinal changes in peak aerobic and anaerobic mechanical power of circumpubertal boys. Pediatr Exerc Sci 1993; 5: 318-331
13 Figueiredo AJ, Coelho-e-Silva MJ, Malina RM. Predictors of functional capacity and skill in youth soccer players. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011; 21: 446-454
14 Figueiredo AJ, Goncalves CE, Coelho-e-Silva MJ, Malina RM. Characteristics of youth soccer players who drop out, persist or move up. J Sports Sci 2009; 27: 883-891
15 Figueiredo AJ, Goncalves CE, Coelho-e-Silva MJ, Malina RM. Youth soccer players, 11-14 years: maturity, size, function, skill and goal orientation. Ann Hum Biol 2009; 36: 60-73
16 Glaister M. Multiple sprint work: physiological responses, mechanisms of fatigue and the influence of aerobic fitness. Sports Med 2005; 35: 757-777
17 Harriss DJ, Atkinson G. Update – Ethical standards in sport and exercise science research. Int J Sports Med 2011; 32: 819-821
18 Hopkins WG. Measures of reliability in sports medicine and science. Sports Med 2000; 30: 1-15
19 Huijgen BC, Elferink-Gemser MT, Post W, Visscher C. Development of dribbling in talented youth soccer players aged 12–19 years: a longitudinal study. J Sports Sci 2010; 28: 689-698
20 Impellizzeri FM, Rampinini E, Castagna C, Bishop D, Ferrari D, Tibaudi A, Wisloff U. Validity of a repeated-sprint test for football. Int J Sports Med 2008; 29: 899-905
21 Lefevre J, Beunen G, Steens G, Claessens A, Renson R. Motor performance during adolescence and age thirty as related to age at peak height velocity. Ann Hum Biol 1990; 17: 423-435
22 Leger LA, Mercier D, Gadoury C, Lambert J. The multistage 20 metre shuttle run test for aerobic fitness. J Sports Sci 1988; 6: 93-101
23 Little NG, Day JA, Steinke L. Relationship of physical performance to maturation in perimenarcheal girls. Am J Hum Biol 1997; 9: 163-171
24 Lohman TG, Roche AF, Martorell R. Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 1988
25 Malina R, Bouchard C, Bar-Or O. Growth, Maturation, and Physical Activity. 2^nd ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2004
26 Malina RM. Body composition in athletes: assessment and estimated fatness. Clin Sports Med 2007; 26: 37-68
27 Malina RM, Eisenmann JC, Cumming SP, Ribeiro B, Aroso J. Maturity-associated variation in the growth and functional capacities of youth football (soccer) players 13–15 years. Eur J Appl Physiol 2004; 91: 555-562
28 Malina RM, Pena Reyes ME, Eisenmann JC, Horta L, Rodrigues J, Miller R. Height, mass and skeletal maturity of elite Portuguese soccer players aged 11-16 years. J Sports Sci 2000; 18: 685-693
29 Malina RM, Pena Reyes ME, Figueiredo AJ, Coelho e Silva MJ, Horta L, Miller R, Chamorro M, Serratosa L, Morate F. Skeletal age in youth soccer players: implication for age verification. Clin J Sport Med 2010; 20: 469-474
30 Mendez-Villanueva A, Buchheit M, Kuitunen S, Douglas A, Peltola E, Bourdon P. Age-related differences in acceleration, maximum running speed, and repeated-sprint performance in young soccer players. J Sports Sci 2011; 1-8
31 Mujika I, Santisteban J, Impellizzeri FM, Castagna C. Fitness determinants of success in men’s and women’s football. J Sports Sci 2009; 27: 107-114
32 Negrete R, Brophy J. The relationship between isokinetic open and closed chain lower extremity strength and functional performance. J Sport Rehabil 2000; 9: 46-61
33 Nevill AM, Holder RL, Baxter-Jones A, Round JM, Jones DA. Modeling developmental changes in strength and aerobic power in children. J Appl Physiol 1998; 84: 963-970
34 Philippaerts RM, Vaeyens R, Janssens M, Van Renterghem Matthys D, Craen R, Bourgois J, Vrijens J, Beunen G, Malina RM. The relationship between peak height velocity and physical performance in youth soccer players. J Sports Sci 2006; 24: 221-230
35 Rampinini E, Bishop D, Marcora SM, Ferrari D, Sassi R, Impellizzeri FM. Validity of simple field tests as indicators of match-related physical performance in top-level professional soccer players. Int J Sports Med 2007; 28: 228-235
36 Rasbash J, Browne W, Goldstein H, Yang M, Plewis I, Draper D, Healy M, Woodhouse E. A User’s Guide to MLwiN. London: Institute of Education; 1999
37 Reilly T, Bangsbo J, Franks A. Anthropometric and physiological predispositions for elite soccer. J Sports Sci 2000; 18: 669-683
38 Roche AF, Chumlea CW, Thissen D. Assessing the Skeletal Maturity of the Hand-Wrist: Fels Method. Springfield, IL: CC Thomas; 1988
39 Roescher CR, Elferink-Gemser MT, Huijgen BC, Visscher C. Soccer endurance development in professionals. Int J Sports Med 2010; 31: 174-179
40 Schroeder MA. Diagnosing and dealing with multicollinearity. West J Nurs Res 1990; 12: 175-184
41 Sherar LB, Baxter-Jones AD, Mirwald RL. Limitations to the use of secondary sex characteristics for gender comparisons. Ann Hum Biol 2004; 31: 586-593
42 Slaughter MH, Lohman TG, Boileau RA, Horswill CA, Stillman RJ, Van Loan MD, Bemben DA. Skinfold equations for estimation of body fatness in children and youth. Hum Biol 1988; 60: 709-723
43 Slinker BK, Glantz SA. Multiple regression for physiological data analysis: the problem of multicollinearity. Am J Physiol 1985; 249: R1-R12
44 Vaeyens R, Malina RM, Janssens M, Van Renterghem B, Bourgois J, Vrijens J, Philippaerts RM. A multidisciplinary selection model for youth soccer: the Ghent Youth Soccer Project. Br J Sports Med 2006; 40: 928-934
45 Vaeyens R, Philippaerts RM, Malina RM. The relative age effect in soccer: a match-related perspective. J Sports Sci 2005; 23: 747-756