Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia

Vincent Cottin; Jean-François Cordier

doi:10.1055/s-0032-1325157

Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Inhaltsverzeichnis

Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 33(05): 462-475
DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1325157

Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia

Vincent Cottin

¹Hospices Civils de Lyon, Louis Pradel Hospital, National Reference Centre for Rare Pulmonary Diseases, Competence Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Claude Bernard Lyon I, University of Lyon, Lyon, France

,

Jean-François Cordier

¹Hospices Civils de Lyon, Louis Pradel Hospital, National Reference Centre for Rare Pulmonary Diseases, Competence Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Claude Bernard Lyon I, University of Lyon, Lyon, France

› Institutsangaben

Abstract

Organizing pneumonia (OP) is a pathological pattern defined by the characteristic presence of buds of granulation tissue within the lumen of distal pulmonary airspaces consisting of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts intermixed with loose connective matrix. This pattern is the hallmark of a clinical pathological entity, namely cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) when no cause or etiologic context is found. The process of intraalveolar organization results from a sequence of alveolar injury, alveolar deposition of fibrin, and colonization of fibrin with proliferating fibroblasts. A tremendous challenge for research is represented by the analysis of features that differentiate the reversible process of OP from that of fibroblastic foci driving irreversible fibrosis in usual interstitial pneumonia because they may determine the different outcomes of COP and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), respectively. Three main imaging patterns of COP have been described: (1) multiple patchy alveolar opacities (typical pattern), (2) solitary focal nodule or mass (focal pattern), and (3) diffuse infiltrative opacities, although several other uncommon patterns have been reported, especially the reversed halo sign (atoll sign). Definitive diagnosis is based on (1) a suggestive clinical radiological presentation, (2) the demonstration of the characteristic pathological pattern at lung histopathology, and (3) exclusion of possible causes. Transbronchial biopsies or a transthoracic biopsy may also contribute to the pathological diagnosis. Rapid clinical and imaging improvement is obtained with corticosteroid therapy. Because of the risk of misdiagnosing alternative conditions that may mimic OP, only typical cases may be managed without histopathological confirmation, and patients should be followed with particular attention paid to any clue of alternate diagnosis, especially in case of incomplete response to treatment. Patients and clinicians must be aware of frequent relapses after stopping corticosteroid treatment.

Keywords

organizing pneumonia - cryptogenic organizing pneumonia - interstitial pneumonia - disease - connective tissue

Volltext

Referenzen

References
1 Cordier JF. Cryptogenic organising pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2006; 28 (2) 422-446
2 Davison AG, Heard BE, McAllister WAC, Turner-Warwick ME. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonitis. Q J Med 1983; 207: 382-394
3 Epler GR, Colby TV, McLoud TC, Carrington CB, Gaensler EA. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1985; 312 (3) 152-158
4 Cordier JF, Loire R, Brune J. Idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Definition of characteristic clinical profiles in a series of 16 patients. Chest 1989; 96 (5) 999-1004
5 Bartter T, Irwin RS, Nash G, Balikian JP, Hollingsworth HH. Idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia with peripheral infiltrates on chest roentgenogram. Arch Intern Med 1989; 149 (2) 273-279
6 Guerry-Force ML, Müller NL, Wright JL , et al. A comparison of bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia, usual interstitial pneumonia, and small airways disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 135 (3) 705-712
7 American Thoracic Society; European Respiratory Society. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society International Multidisciplinary Consensus Classification of the Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias. This joint statement of the American Thoracic Society (ATS), and the European Respiratory Society (ERS) was adopted by the ATS board of directors, June 2001 and by the ERS Executive Committee, June 2001. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; (2) 165: 277-304
8 Gudmundsson G, Sveinsson O, Isaksson HJ, Jonsson S, Frodadottir H, Aspelund T. Epidemiology of organising pneumonia in Iceland. Thorax 2006; 61 (9) 805-808
9 Peyrol S, Cordier JF, Grimaud JA. Intra-alveolar fibrosis of idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans-organizing pneumonia. Cell-matrix patterns. Am J Pathol 1990; 137 (1) 155-170
10 Cordier JF, Peyrol S, Loire R. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia as a model of inflammatory lung disease. In: Epler G, , ed. Diseases of the Bronchioles. New York: Raven Press; 1994: 313-345
11 Myers JL, Katzenstein AL. Ultrastructural evidence of alveolar epithelial injury in idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans-organizing pneumonia. Am J Pathol 1988; 132 (1) 102-109
12 El-Zammar O, Rosenbaum P, Katzenstein A-LA. Proliferative activity in fibrosing lung diseases: a comparative study of Ki-67 immunoreactivity in diffuse alveolar damage, bronchiolitis obliterans-organizing pneumonia, and usual interstitial pneumonia. Hum Pathol 2009; 40 (8) 1182-1188
13 Lappi-Blanco E, Soini Y, Pääkkö P. Apoptotic activity is increased in the newly formed fibromyxoid connective tissue in bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Lung 1999; 177 (6) 367-376
14 Kuwano K, Kawasaki M, Maeyama T , et al. Soluble form of fas and fas ligand in BAL fluid from patients with pulmonary fibrosis and bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Chest 2000; 118 (2) 451-458
15 Ye Q, Dai H, Sarria R, Guzman J, Costabel U. Increased expression of tumor necrosis factor receptors in cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. Respir Med 2011; 105 (2) 292-297
16 Chung WY, Sun JS, Park JH , et al. Epithelial apoptosis as a clinical marker in idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Respir Med 2010; 104 (11) 1722-1728
17 Lappi-Blanco E, Kaarteenaho-Wiik R, Salo S , et al. Laminin-5 gamma2 chain in cryptogenic organizing pneumonia and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 169 (1) 27-33
18 Tzouvelekis A, Aidinis V, Harokopos V , et al. Down-regulation of the inhibitor of growth family member 4 (ING4) in different forms of pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Res 2009; 10: 14
19 Lappi-Blanco E, Kaarteenaho-Wiik R, Soini Y, Risteli J, Pääkkö P. Intraluminal fibromyxoid lesions in bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia are highly capillarized. Hum Pathol 1999; 30 (10) 1192-1196
20 Lappi-Blanco E, Soini Y, Kinnula V, Pääkkö P. VEGF and bFGF are highly expressed in intraluminal fibromyxoid lesions in bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. J Pathol 2002; 196 (2) 220-227
21 Suga M, Iyonaga K, Okamoto T , et al. Characteristic elevation of matrix metalloproteinase activity in idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162 (5) 1949-1956
22 Choi KH, Lee HB, Jeong MY , et al. The role of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 in cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. Chest 2002; 121 (5) 1478-1485
23 Wynn TA. Integrating mechanisms of pulmonary fibrosis. J Exp Med 2011; 208 (7) 1339-1350
24 Bellum SC, Dove D, Harley RA , et al. Respiratory reovirus 1/L induction of intraluminal fibrosis. A model for the study of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Am J Pathol 1997; 150 (6) 2243-2254
25 Lopez AD, Avasarala S, Grewal S, Murali AK, London L. Differential role of the Fas/Fas ligand apoptotic pathway in inflammation and lung fibrosis associated with reovirus 1/L-induced bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Immunol 2009; 183 (12) 8244-8257
26 Rhodes GC, Lykke AW, Tapsall JW, Smith LW. Abnormal alveolar epithelial repair associated with failure of resolution in experimental streptococcal pneumonia. J Pathol 1989; 159 (3) 245-253
27 Rhodes GC, Tapsall JW, Lykke AW. Alveolar epithelial responses in experimental streptococcal pneumonia. J Pathol 1989; 157 (4) 347-357
28 Hawn TR, Berrington WR, Smith IA , et al. Altered inflammatory responses in TLR5-deficient mice infected with Legionella pneumophila. J Immunol 2007; 179 (10) 6981-6987
29 Cheng CC, Lee YF, Lin NN, Wu CL, Tung KC, Chiu YT. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia in Swine associated with porcine circovirus type 2 infection. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011: 245728
30 Majeski EI, Harley RA, Bellum SC, London SD, London L. Differential role for T cells in the development of fibrotic lesions associated with reovirus 1/L-induced bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia versus Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2003; 28 (2) 208-217
31 Majeski EI, Paintlia MK, Lopez AD, Harley RA, London SD, London L. Respiratory reovirus 1/L induction of intraluminal fibrosis, a model of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia, is dependent on T lymphocytes. Am J Pathol 2003; 163 (4) 1467-1479
32 Mukae H, Kadota J, Kohno S, Matsukura S, Hara K. Increase of activated T-cells in BAL fluid of Japanese patients with bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia and chronic eosinophilic pneumonia. Chest 1995; 108 (1) 123-128
33 Aubert JD, Paré PD, Hogg JC, Hayashi S. Platelet-derived growth factor in bronchiolitis obliterans-organizing pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155 (2) 676-681
34 Carré PC, King Jr TE, Mortensen R, Riches DW. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia: increased expression of interleukin-8 and fibronectin genes by alveolar macrophages. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1994; 10 (1) 100-105
35 Forlani S, Ratta L, Bulgheroni A , et al. Cytokine profile of broncho-alveolar lavage in BOOP and UIP. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2002; 19 (1) 47-53
36 Pesci A, Majori M, Piccoli ML , et al. Mast cells in bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Mast cell hyperplasia and evidence for extracellular release of tryptase. Chest 1996; 110 (2) 383-391
37 Davison AG, Heard BE, McAllister WAC, Turner-Warwick ME. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonitis. Q J Med 1983; 52 (207) 382-394
38 Cazzato S, Zompatori M, Baruzzi G , et al. Bronchiolitis obliterans-organizing pneumonia: an Italian experience. Respir Med 2000; 94 (7) 702-708
39 Chang J, Han J, Kim DW , et al. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia: clinicopathologic review of a series of 45 Korean patients including rapidly progressive form. J Korean Med Sci 2002; 17 (2) 179-186
40 Lazor R, Vandevenne A, Pelletier A, Leclerc P, Court-Fortune I, Cordier JF. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. Characteristics of relapses in a series of 48 patients. The Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherche sur les Maladles “Orphelines” Pulmonaires (GERM”O”P). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162 (2 Pt 1) 571-577
41 Lohr RH, Boland BJ, Douglas WW , et al. Organizing pneumonia. Features and prognosis of cryptogenic, secondary, and focal variants. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157 (12) 1323-1329
42 Katzenstein AL, Myers JL, Prophet WD, Corley III LS, Shin MS. Bronchiolitis obliterans and usual interstitial pneumonia. A comparative clinicopathologic study. Am J Surg Pathol 1986; 10 (6) 373-381
43 Yamamoto M, Ina Y, Kitaichi M, Harasawa M, Tamura M. Clinical features of BOOP in Japan. Chest 1992; 102 (1, Suppl) 21S-25S
44 Alasaly K, Muller N, Ostrow DN, Champion P, FitzGerald JM. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. A report of 25 cases and a review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1995; 74 (4) 201-211
45 Dür P, Vogt P, Russi E. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP)—chronic organized pneumonia (COP). Diagnosis, therapy and course [in German]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1993; 123 (29) 1429-1438
46 Miyagawa Y, Nagata N, Shigematsu N. Clinicopathological study of migratory lung infiltrates. Thorax 1991; 46 (4) 233-238
47 Costabel U, Teschler H, Schoenfeld B , et al. BOOP in Europe. Chest 1992; 102 (1, Suppl) 14S-20S
48 King Jr TE, Mortenson RL. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonitis. The North American experience. Chest 1992; 102 (1, Suppl) 8S-13S
49 Moreau L, Quoix E, Vandevenne A , et al. Bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia. Retrospective study of 19 cases [in French]. Rev Pneumol Clin 1998; 54 (3) 136-143
50 Boots RJ, McEvoy JD, Mowat P, Le Fevre I. Bronchiolitis obliterans organising pneumonia: a clinical and radiological review. Aust N Z J Med 1995; 25 (2) 140-145
51 Chee CB, Da Costa JL, Sim CS. A female with dry cough, progressive dyspnoea and weight loss. Eur Respir J 2005; 25 (1) 206-209
52 Barroso E, Hernandez L, Gil J, Garcia R, Aranda I, Romero S. Idiopathic organizing pneumonia: a relapsing disease. 19 years of experience in a hospital setting. Respiration 2007; 74 (6) 624-631
53 Inoue T, Toyoshima K, Kikui M. Idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (idiopathic BOOP) in childhood. Pediatr Pulmonol 1996; 22 (1) 67-72
54 Spiteri MA, Klenerman P, Sheppard MN, Padley S, Clark TJ, Newman-Taylor A. Seasonal cryptogenic organising pneumonia with biochemical cholestasis: a new clinical entity. Lancet 1992; 340 (8814) 281-284
55 Yigla M, Ben-Itzhak O, Solomonov A, Guralnik L, Oren I. Recurrent, self-limited, menstrual-associated bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Chest 2000; 118 (1) 253-256
56 Mroz BJ, Sexauer WP, Meade A, Balsara G. Hemoptysis as the presenting symptom in bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Chest 1997; 111 (6) 1775-1778
57 Iwanaga T, Hirota T, Ikeda T. Air leak syndrome as one of the manifestations of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Intern Med 2000; 39 (2) 163-165
58 Yang DG, Kim KD, Shin DH, Choe KO, Kim SK, Lee WY. Idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia presenting with spontaneous hydropneumothorax and solitary pulmonary nodule. Respirology 1999; 4 (3) 267-270
59 Henriet AC, Diot E, Marchand-Adam S , et al. Organising pneumonia can be the inaugural manifestation in connective tissue diseases, including Sjogren's syndrome. Eur Respir Rev 2010; 19 (116) 161-163
60 Lee JW, Lee KS, Lee HY , et al. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia: serial high-resolution CT findings in 22 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010; 195 (4) 916-922
61 Arakawa H, Kurihara Y, Niimi H, Nakajima Y, Johkoh T, Nakamura H. Bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia versus chronic eosinophilic pneumonia: high-resolution CT findings in 81 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001; 176 (4) 1053-1058
62 Roberton BJ, Hansell DM. Organizing pneumonia: a kaleidoscope of concepts and morphologies. Eur Radiol 2011; 21 (11) 2244-2254
63 Johkoh T, Müller NL, Cartier Y , et al. Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias: diagnostic accuracy of thin-section CT in 129 patients. Radiology 1999; 211 (2) 555-560
64 Norman D, Piecyk M, Roberts DH. Eosinophilic pneumonia as an initial manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis. Chest 2004; 126 (3) 993-995
65 Hashemzadeh A, Clavel M, Musso C, Touraine F, Paraf F, Bonnaud F. Pseudoneoplastic forms of bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumopathy (BOOP) [in French]. Rev Mal Respir 2001; 18 (2) 205-208
66 Wagner AL, Szabunio M, Hazlett KS, Wagner SG. Radiologic manifestations of round pneumonia in adults. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1998; 170 (3) 723-726
67 Maldonado F, Daniels CE, Hoffman EA, Yi ES, Ryu JH. Focal organizing pneumonia on surgical lung biopsy: causes, clinicoradiologic features, and outcomes. Chest 2007; 132 (5) 1579-1583
68 Price J. Round pneumonia and focal organizing pneumonia are different entities. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1999; 172 (2) 549-550
69 Astudillo L, Martin-Blondel G, Sans N, Dhaste G, Couret B, Arlet-Suau E. Solitary nodular form of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Am J Med 2004; 117 (11) 887-888
70 Ujita M, Renzoni EA, Veeraraghavan S, Wells AU, Hansell DM. Organizing pneumonia: perilobular pattern at thin-section CT. Radiology 2004; 232 (3) 757-761
71 Katzenstein AL, Fiorelli RF. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia/fibrosis. Histologic features and clinical significance. Am J Surg Pathol 1994; 18 (2) 136-147
72 Travis WD, Matsui K, Moss J, Ferrans VJ. Idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia: prognostic significance of cellular and fibrosing patterns: survival comparison with usual interstitial pneumonia and desquamative interstitial pneumonia. Am J Surg Pathol 2000; 24 (1) 19-33
73 Oikonomou A, Hansell DM. Organizing pneumonia: the many morphological faces. Eur Radiol 2002; 12 (6) 1486-1496
74 Kim SJ, Lee KS, Ryu YH , et al. Reversed halo sign on high-resolution CT of cryptogenic organizing pneumonia: diagnostic implications. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2003; 180 (5) 1251-1254
75 Maimon N. A 47-year-old female with shortness of breath and “reversed halo sign”. Eur Respir Rev 2010; 19 (115) 83-85
76 Gudavalli R, Diaz-Guzman E, Arrossi AV, Chapman JT, Mehta AC. Fleeting alveolar infiltrates and reversed halo sign in patients with breast cancer treated with tangential beam irradiation. Chest 2011; 139 (2) 454-459
77 Marchiori E, Zanetti G, Irion KL , et al. Reversed halo sign in active pulmonary tuberculosis: criteria for differentiation from cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2011; 197 (6) 1324-1327
78 Cordier JF, Cottin V. Eosinophilic pneumonias. In: Schwarz MI, King Jr TE, , eds. Interstitial Lung Disease. 5th ed. Shelton, CT: People's Medical Publishing House-USA; 2011: 833-893
79 Cottin V. Idiopathic eosinophilic pneumonias. Eur Respir Mon 2011; 54: 118-139
80 Carrington CB, Addington WW, Goff AM , et al. Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1969; 280 (15) 787-798
81 Trisolini R, Dallari R, Cancellieri A, Poletti V. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia associated with lower respiratory tract infection by respiratory syncytial virus in an immunocompetent adult. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2002; 19 (3) 234-235
82 Sheehan RE, English J, Wittmann R, Müller NL. Levitating consolidation in eosinophilic lung disease. J Thorac Imaging 2003; 18 (1) 45-47
83 Cordier JF. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonitis. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Clin Chest Med 1993; 14 (4) 677-692
84 Barbato A, Panizzolo C, D'Amore ES, La Rosa M, Saetta M. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP) in a child with mild-to-moderate asthma: evidence of mast cell and eosinophil recruitment in lung specimens. Pediatr Pulmonol 2001; 31 (5) 394-397
85 Kelkel E, Brambilla E, Pison C , et al. Bronchiolitis obliterans with idiopathic organized pneumonia: anatomoclinical analysis and nosologic discussion apropos of 6 cases [in French]. Ann Med Interne (Paris) 1990; 141 (8) 661-667
86 Bellomo R, Finlay M, McLaughlin P, Tai E. Clinical spectrum of cryptogenic organising pneumonitis. Thorax 1991; 46 (8) 554-558
87 Rees JH, Woodhead MA, Sheppard MN, du Bois RM. Rheumatoid arthritis and cryptogenic organising pneumonitis. Respir Med 1991; 85 (3) 243-246
88 Patel AR, Shah PC, Rhee HL, Sassoon H, Rao KP. Cyclophosphamide therapy and interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. Cancer 1976; 38 (4) 1542-1549
89 Naccache JM, Faure O, Loire R, Wiesendanger T, Cordier JF. Severe hypoxemia with orthodeoxia due to right to left shunt in idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia [in French]. Rev Mal Respir 2000; 17 (1) 113-116
90 Izumi T, Kitaichi M, Nishimura K, Nagai S. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia: clinical features and differential diagnosis. Chest 1992; 102 (3) 715-719
91 Costabel U, Teschler H, Guzman J. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP): the cytological and immunocytological profile of bronchoalveolar lavage. Eur Respir J 1992; 5 (7) 791-797
92 Poletti V, Cazzato S, Minicuci N, Zompatori M, Burzi M, Schiattone ML. The diagnostic value of bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial lung biopsy in cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. Eur Respir J 1996; 9 (12) 2513-2516
93 Nagai S, Aung H, Tanaka S , et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage cell findings in patients with BOOP and related diseases. Chest 1992; 102 (1, Suppl) 32S-37S
94 Jara-Palomares L, Gomez-Izquierdo L, Gonzalez-Vergara D , et al. Utility of high-resolution computed tomography and BAL in cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. Respir Med 2010; 104 (11) 1706-1711
95 Flowers JR, Clunie G, Burke M, Constant O. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia: the clinical and radiological features of seven cases and a review of the literature. Clin Radiol 1992; 45 (6) 371-377
96 Azzam ZS, Bentur L, Rubin AH, Ben-Izhak O, Alroy G. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Diagnosis by transbronchial biopsy. Chest 1993; 104 (6) 1899-1901
97 Dina R, Sheppard MN. The histological diagnosis of clinically documented cases of cryptogenic organizing pneumonia: diagnostic features in transbronchial biopsies. Histopathology 1993; 23 (6) 541-545
98 Metzger F, Pernet D, Manzoni P, Ranfaing E, Dalphin JC. The contribution of CT-guided transthoracic lung biopsy to the diagnosis of organizing pneumonia [in French]. Rev Mal Respir 2008; 25 (5) 539-550
99 Doxtader EE, Mukhopadhyay S, Katzenstein AL. Core needle biopsy in benign lung lesions: pathologic findings in 159 cases. Hum Pathol 2010; 41 (11) 1530-1535
100 Yebra M, Romero Y, Varela A, Berrocal E. Percutaneous lung biopsy in the diagnosis of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Chest 1994; 105 (3) 972-973
101 Poulou LS, Tsangaridou I, Filippoussis P, Sidiropoulou N, Apostolopoulou S, Thanos L. Feasibility of CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy in early diagnosis of BOOP. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2008; 31 (5) 1003-1007
102 Colby TV. Pathologic aspects of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Chest 1992; 102 (1, Suppl) 38S-43S
103 Kitaichi M. Differential diagnosis of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Chest 1992; 102 (1, Suppl) 44S-49S
104 Beasley MB, Franks TJ, Galvin JR, Gochuico B, Travis WD. Acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia: a histological pattern of lung injury and possible variant of diffuse alveolar damage. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2002; 126 (9) 1064-1070
105 Ranzani OT, Parra ER, de Morais Fernezlian S, Capelozzi VL. Intraluminal plugs in idiopathic and secondary organizing pneumonia: repair or remodelling?. Histopathology 2007; 51 (5) 622-630
106 Basset F, Ferrans VJ, Soler P, Takemura T, Fukuda Y, Crystal RG. Intraluminal fibrosis in interstitial lung disorders. Am J Pathol 1986; 122 (3) 443-461
107 Mark EJ, Matsubara O, Tan-Liu NS, Fienberg R. The pulmonary biopsy in the early diagnosis of Wegener's (pathergic) granulomatosis: a study based on 35 open lung biopsies. Hum Pathol 1988; 19 (9) 1065-1071
108 Travis WD, Hoffman GS, Leavitt RY, Pass HI, Fauci AS. Surgical pathology of the lung in Wegener's granulomatosis. Review of 87 open lung biopsies from 67 patients. Am J Surg Pathol 1991; 15 (4) 315-333
109 Uner AH, Rozum-Slota B, Katzenstein AL. Bronchiolitis obliterans-organizing pneumonia (BOOP)-like variant of Wegener's granulomatosis: a clinicopathologic study of 16 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1996; 20 (7) 794-801
110 Kawanami O, Basset F, Barrios R, Lacronique JG, Ferrans VJ, Crystal RG. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis in man: light- and electron-microscopic studies of 18 lung biopsies. Am J Pathol 1983; 110 (3) 275-289
111 Ito T, Sugino K, Satoh D , et al. Bird fancier's lung which developed in a pigeon breeder presenting organizing pneumonia. Intern Med 2010; 49 (23) 2605-2608
112 Häusler M, Meilicke R, Biesterfeld S, Kentrup H, Friedrichs F, Kusenbach G. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia: a distinct pulmonary complication in cystic fibrosis. Respiration 2000; 67 (3) 316-319
113 Fujimoto K, Müller NL, Kato S , et al. Pneumoconiosis in rush mat workers exposed to clay dye “sendo” dust: clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic features in seven patients. Chest 2004; 125 (2) 737-743
114 Sison RF, Hruban RH, Moore GW, Kuhlman JE, Wheeler PS, Hutchins GM. Pulmonary disease associated with pleural “asbestos” plaques. Chest 1989; 95 (4) 831-835
115 Cheng T-H, Ko F-C, Chang J-L, Wu K-A. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia due to titanium nanoparticles in paint. Ann Thorac Surg 2012; 93 (2) 666-669
116 Sheu BF, Lee CC, Young YR, Li LF, Chang SS. Delayed-onset bronchiolitis obliterans with organising pneumonia associated with massive acetic acid steam inhalation. Thorax 2008; 63 (6) 570
117 Drakopanagiotakis F, Paschalaki K, Abu-Hijleh M , et al. Cryptogenic and secondary organizing pneumonia: clinical presentation, radiographic findings, treatment response, and prognosis. Chest 2011; 139 (4) 893-900
118 Sveinsson OA, Isaksson HJ, Sigvaldason A, Yngvason F, Aspelund T, Gudmundsson G. Clinical features in secondary and cryptogenic organising pneumonia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2007; 11 (6) 689-694
119 Cottin V, Bonniaud P. Drug-induced infiltrative lung disease. Eur Respir Mon 2009; 46: 287-318
120 Crestani B, Valeyre D, Roden S, Wallaert B, Dalphin JC, Cordier JF. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia syndrome primed by radiation therapy to the breast. The Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines Pulmonaires (GERM”O”P). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158 (6) 1929-1935
121 Douglas WW, Tazelaar HD, Hartman TE , et al. Polymyositis-dermatomyositis-associated interstitial lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164 (7) 1182-1185
122 Cottin V, Thivolet-Béjui F, Reynaud-Gaubert M , et al; Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherche sur les Maladies “Orphelines” Pulmonaires. Interstitial lung disease in amyopathic dermatomyositis, dermatomyositis and polymyositis. Eur Respir J 2003; 22 (2) 245-250
123 Konsta M, Bournia VK, Alexandrou P, Iliopoulos A. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia mimicking malignancy in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2011; 38 (9) 2007-2008
124 Yousem SA, Faber C. Histopathology of aspiration pneumonia not associated with food or other particulate matter: a clinicopathologic study of 10 cases diagnosed on biopsy. Am J Surg Pathol 2011; 35 (3) 426-431
125 Foley SC, Préfontaine D, Hamid Q. Images in allergy and immunology: role of eosinophils in airway remodeling. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119 (6) 1563-1566
126 Yousem SA, Lohr RH, Colby TV. Idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia/cryptogenic organizing pneumonia with unfavorable outcome: pathologic predictors. Mod Pathol 1997; 10 (9) 864-871
127 Lee JS, Lynch DA, Sharma S, Brown KK, Müller NL. Organizing pneumonia: prognostic implication of high-resolution computed tomography features. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2003; 27 (2) 260-265
128 Oymak FS, Demirbaş HM, Mavili E , et al. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Clinical and roentgenological features in 26 cases. Respiration 2005; 72 (3) 254-262
129 Epler GR. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia, 25 years: a variety of causes, but what are the treatment options?. Expert Rev Respir Med 2011; 5 (3) 353-361
130 Melloni G, Cremona G, Bandiera A , et al. Localized organizing pneumonia: report of 21 cases. Ann Thorac Surg 2007; 83 (6) 1946-1951
131 Basarakodu KR, Aronow WS, Nair CK , et al. Differences in treatment and in outcomes between idiopathic and secondary forms of organizing pneumonia. Am J Ther 2007; 14 (5) 422-426
132 Purcell IF, Bourke SJ, Marshall SM. Cyclophosphamide in severe steroid-resistant bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Respir Med 1997; 91 (3) 175-177
133 Watanabe K, Senju S, Wen FQ, Shirakusa T, Maeda F, Yoshida M. Factors related to the relapse of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Chest 1998; 114 (6) 1599-1606
134 Stover DE, Mangino D. Macrolides: a treatment alternative for bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia?. Chest 2005; 128 (5) 3611-3617
135 Kastelik JA, Greenstone M, McGivern DV, Morice AH. Cryptogenic organising pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2006; 28 (6) 1291
136 Ichikawa Y, Ninomiya H, Katsuki M, Hotta M, Tanaka M, Oizumi K. Low-dose/long-term erythromycin for treatment of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP). Kurume Med J 1993; 40 (2) 65-67
137 Radzikowska E, Wiatr E, Gawryluk D , et al. Organizing pneumonia—clarithromycin treatment [in Polish]. Pneumonol Alergol Pol 2008; 76 (5) 334-339
138 Lee J, Cha SI, Park TI, Park JY, Jung TH, Kim CH. Adjunctive effects of cyclosporine and macrolide in rapidly progressive cryptogenic organizing pneumonia with no prompt response to steroid. Intern Med 2011; 50 (5) 475-479
139 Chang WJ, Lee EJ, Lee SY , et al. Successful salvage treatment of steroid-refractory bronchiolar COP with low-dose macrolides. Pathol Int 2012; 62 (2) 144-148
140 Cohen AJ, King Jr TE, Downey GP. Rapidly progressive bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149 (6) 1670-1675
141 Churg A, Wright JL, Tazelaar HD. Acute exacerbations of fibrotic interstitial lung disease. Histopathology 2011; 58 (4) 525-530
142 Nagai S, Kitaichi M, Itoh H, Nishimura K, Izumi T, Colby TV. Idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia/fibrosis: comparison with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and BOOP. Eur Respir J 1998; 12 (5) 1010-1019
143 Kobayashi H, Sugimoto C, Kanoh S, Motoyoshi K, Aida S. Acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia: initial presentation as a solitary nodule. J Thorac Imaging 2005; 20 (4) 291-293
144 de Carvalho M-EP, Kairalla RA, Capelozzi VL, Deheinzelin D, do Nascimento Saldiva PH, de Carvalho CRR. Centrilobular fibrosis: a novel histological pattern of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Pathol Res Pract 2002; 198 (9) 577-583
145 Mark EJ, Ruangchira-urai R. Bronchiolitis interstitial pneumonitis: a pathologic study of 31 lung biopsies with features intermediate between bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia and usual interstitial pneumonitis, with clinical correlation. Ann Diagn Pathol 2008; 12 (3) 171-180
146 Thivolet F, Loire R, Cordier JF. Bronchiolitis with peribronchiolar organizing pneumonia (B-POP): a new clinicopathologic entity in bronchiolar/interstitial lung disease? [abstract]. Eur Respir J 1999; 14: 272s