Endoscopy 2013; 45(02): 142-155
DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1326186
Guideline
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Bowel preparation for colonoscopy: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline

C. Hassan
1   Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
,
M. Bretthauer
2   Department of Health Economy and Health Management, University of Oslo and Department of Transplantation Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
,
M. F. Kaminski
3   Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical Centre for Postgraduate Education, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
,
M. Polkowski
3   Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical Centre for Postgraduate Education, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
,
B. Rembacken
4   Centre for Digestive Diseases, The General Infirmary, Leeds, UK
,
B. Saunders
5   Wolfson Unit for Endoscopy, St Mark’s Hospital, Imperial College London, UK
,
R. Benamouzig
6   Department of Gastroenterology, Avicenne Hospital, Paris, France
,
O. Holme
7   Department of Gastroenterology, Sorlandet Hospital Kristiansand, Norway
,
S. Green
5   Wolfson Unit for Endoscopy, St Mark’s Hospital, Imperial College London, UK
,
T. Kuiper
8   Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
,
R. Marmo
9   Division of Gastroenterology, L. Curto Hospital, Polla, Sant’Arsenio, Italy
,
M. Omar
10   Gastroenterology Unit, New Mowasat Hospital, Salmiya, Kuwait
,
L. Petruzziello
1   Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
,
C. Spada
1   Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
,
A. Zullo
11   Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Nuovo Regina Margherita Hospital, Rome, Italy
,
J. M. Dumonceau
12   Service of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
› Institutsangaben
Weitere Informationen

Publikationsverlauf

Publikationsdatum:
18. Januar 2013 (online)

Background and aim: This Guideline is an official statement of the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE). It addresses the choice amongst regimens available for cleansing the colon in preparation for colonoscopy.

Methods: This Guideline is based on a targeted literature search to evaluate the evidence supporting the use of bowel preparation for colonoscopy. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system was adopted to define the strength of recommendation and the quality of evidence.

Results: The main recommendations are as follows. (1) The ESGE recommends a low-fiber diet on the day preceding colonoscopy (weak recommendation, moderate quality evidence). (2) The ESGE recommends a split regimen of 4 L of polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution (or a same-day regimen in the case of afternoon colonoscopy) for routine bowel preparation. A split regimen (or same-day regimen in the case of afternoon colonoscopy) of 2 L PEG plus ascorbate or of sodium picosulphate plus magnesium citrate may be valid alternatives, in particular for elective outpatient colonoscopy (strong recommendation, high quality evidence). In patients with renal failure, PEG is the only recommended bowel preparation. The delay between the last dose of bowel preparation and colonoscopy should be minimized and no longer than 4 hours (strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence). (3) The ESGE advises against the routine use of sodium phosphate for bowel preparation because of safety concerns (strong recommendation, low quality evidence).

Appendix e1 – e4

 
  • References

  • 1 Stock C, Brenner H. Utilization of lower gastrointestinal endoscopy and fecal occult blood test in 11 European countries: evidence from the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Endoscopy 2010; 42: 546-556
  • 2 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vital signs: Colorectal Cancer Screening, Incidence, and Mortality – United States, 2002–2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2011; 60: 884-890
  • 3 Harewood GC, Sharma VK, de Garmo P. Impact of colonoscopy preparation quality on detection of suspected colonic neoplasia. Gastrointest Endosc 2003; 58: 76-79
  • 4 Froehlich F, Wietlisbach V, Gonvers J-J et al. Impact of colonic cleansing on quality and diagnostic yield of colonoscopy: the European Panel of Appropriateness of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy European multicenter study. Gastrointest Endosc 2005; 61: 378-384
  • 5 Rex DK, Imperiale TF, Latinovich DR et al. Impact of bowel preparation on efficiency and cost of colonoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97: 1696-1700
  • 6 Senore C, Ederle A, Fantin A et al. Acceptability and side-effects of colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy in a screening setting. J Med Screen 2011; 18: 128-134
  • 7 Atkins D, Best D, Briss PA et al. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2004; 328: 1490
  • 8 Dumonceau J-M, Hassan C, Riphaus A et al. European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline Development Policy. Endoscopy 2012; 44: 626-629
  • 9 Wu K-L, Rayner CK, Chuah S-K et al. Impact of low-residue diet on bowel preparation for colonoscopy. Dis Colon Rectum 2011; 54: 107-112
  • 10 Adams WJ, Meagher AP, Lubowski DZ et al. Bisacodyl reduces the volume of polyethylene glycol solution required for bowel preparation. Dis Colon Rectum 1994; 37: 229-233 discussion 233–224
  • 11 Aoun E, Abdul-Baki H, Azar C et al. A randomized single-blind trial of split-dose PEG-electrolyte solution without dietary restriction compared with whole dose PEG-electrolyte solution with dietary restriction for colonoscopy preparation. Gastrointest Endosc 2005; 62: 213-218
  • 12 Soweid AM, Kobeissy AA, Jamali FR et al. A randomized single-blind trial of standard diet versus fiber-free diet with polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution for colonoscopy preparation. Endoscopy 2010; 42: 633-638
  • 13 Park DI, Park SH, Lee SK et al. Efficacy of prepackaged, low residual test meals with 4L polyethylene glycol versus a clear liquid diet with 4L polyethylene glycol bowel preparation: a randomized trial. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 24: 988-991
  • 14 Lever EL, Walter MH, Condon SC et al. Addition of enemas to oral lavage preparation for colonoscopy is not necessary. Gastrointest Endosc 1992; 38: 369-372
  • 15 Børkje B, Pedersen R, Lund GM et al. Effectiveness and acceptability of three bowel cleansing regimens. Scand J Gastroenterol 1991; 26: 162-166
  • 16 Golub RW, Kerner BA, Wise WE et al. Colonoscopic bowel preparations – which one? A blinded, prospective, randomized trial. Dis Colon Rectum 1995; 38: 594-599
  • 17 Tasci I, Altinli E, Sirin F. Bowel cleansing for diagnostic colonoscopy: which method is preferable? Istanbul experience. Tech Coloproctol 2003; 7: 18-21
  • 18 Martínek J, Hess J, Delarive J et al. Cisapride does not improve precolonoscopy bowel preparation with either sodium phosphate or polyethylene glycol electrolyte lavage. Gastrointest Endosc 2001; 54: 180-185
  • 19 Katsinelos P, Pilpilidis I, Paroutoglou G et al. The administration of cisapride as an adjuvant to PEG-electrolyte solution for colonic cleansing: a double-blind randomized study. Hepatogastroenterology 2005; 52: 441-443
  • 20 Sanaka MR, Super DM, Mullen KD et al. Use of tegaserod along with polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution for colonoscopy bowel preparation: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 23: 669-674
  • 21 Mishima Y, Amano Y, Okita K et al. Efficacy of prokinetic agents in improving bowel preparation for colonoscopy. Digestion 2008; 77: 166-172
  • 22 Tongprasert S, Sobhonslidsuk A, Rattanasiri S. Improving quality of colonoscopy by adding simethicone to sodium phosphate bowel preparation. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15: 3032-3037
  • 23 Shaver WA, Storms P, Peterson WL. Improvement of oral colonic lavage with supplemental simethicone. Dig Dis Sci 1988; 33: 185-188
  • 24 Wu L, Cao Y, Liao C et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of Simethicone for gastrointestinal endoscopic visibility. Scand J Gastroenterol 2011; 46: 227-235
  • 25 Altintaş E, Uçbilek E, Sezgin O et al. Alverine citrate plus simethicone reduces cecal intubation time in colonoscopy – a randomized study. Turk J Gastroenterol 2008; 19: 174-179
  • 26 Lazzaroni M, Petrillo M, Desideri S et al. Efficacy and tolerability of polyethylene glycol-electrolyte lavage solution with and without simethicone in the preparation of patients with inflammatory bowel disease for colonoscopy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1993; 7: 655-659
  • 27 McNally PR, Maydonovitch CL, Wong RK. The effect of simethicone on colonic visibility after night-prior colonic lavage. A double-blind randomized study. J Clin Gastroenterol 1989; 11: 650-652
  • 28 McNally PR, Maydonovitch CL, Wong RK. The effectiveness of simethicone in improving visibility during colonoscopy: a double-blind randomized study. Gastrointest Endosc 1988; 34: 255-258
  • 29 Sudduth RH, DeAngelis S, Sherman KE et al. The effectiveness of simethicone in improving visibility during colonoscopy when given with a sodium phosphate solution: a double-bind randomized study. Gastrointest Endosc 1995; 42: 413-415
  • 30 Belsey J, Epstein O, Heresbach D. Systematic review: oral bowel preparation for colonoscopy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 25: 373-384
  • 31 Hsu CW, Imperiale TF. Meta-analysis and cost comparison of polyethylene glycol lavage versus sodium phosphate for colonoscopy preparation. Gastrointest Endosc 1998; 48: 276-282
  • 32 Juluri R, Eckert G, Imperiale TF. Polyethylene glycol vs. sodium phosphate for bowel preparation: A treatment arm meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Gastroenterology 2011; 11: 38
  • 33 Juluri R, Eckert G, Imperiale TF. Meta-analysis: randomized controlled trials of 4-L polyethylene glycol and sodium phosphate solution as bowel preparation for colonoscopy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 171-181
  • 34 Tan JJY, Tjandra JJ. Which is the optimal bowel preparation for colonoscopy – a meta-analysis. Colorectal Dis 2006; 8: 247-258
  • 35 Belsey J, Crosta C, Epstein O et al. Meta-analysis: the relative efficacy of oral bowel preparations for colonoscopy 1985–2010. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35: 222-237
  • 36 Lawrance IC, Willert RP, Murray K. Bowel cleansing for colonoscopy: prospective randomized assessment of efficacy and of induced mucosal abnormality with three preparation agents. Endoscopy 2011; 43: 412-418 Epub 2011 May 4
  • 37 Renaut AJ, Raniga S, Frizelle FA et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacy and acceptability of phospo-soda buffered saline (Fleet®) with sodium picosulphate/magnesium citrate (Picoprep®) in the preparation of patients for colonoscopy. Colorectal Dis 2008; 10: 503-505
  • 38 Worthington J, Thyssen M, Chapman G et al. A randomised controlled trial of a new 2 litre polyethylene glycol solution versus sodium picosulphate + magnesium citrate solution for bowel cleansing prior to colonoscopy. Curr Med Res Opin 2008; 24: 481-488
  • 39 Tjandra JJ, Chan M, Tagkalidis PP. Oral sodium phosphate (Fleet) is a superior colonoscopy preparation to Picopre (sodium picosulfate-based preparation). Dis Colon Rectum 2006; 49: 616-620
  • 40 Schmidt L-M, Williams P, King D et al. Picoprep-3 is a superior colonoscopy preparation to Fleet: a randomized, controlled trial comparing the two bowel preparations. Dis Colon Rectum 2004; 47: 238-242
  • 41 Berkelhammer C, Ekambaram A, Silva RG et al. Low-volume oral colonoscopy bowel preparation: sodium phosphate and magnesium citrate. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 56: 89-94
  • 42 Regev A, Fraser G, Delpre G et al. Comparison of two bowel preparations for colonoscopy: sodium picosulphate with magnesium citrate versus sulphate-free polyethylene glycol lavage solution. Am J Gastroenterol 1998; 93: 1478-1482
  • 43 Hamilton D, Mulcahy D, Walsh D et al. Sodium picosulphate compared with polyethylene glycol solution for large bowel lavage: a prospective randomised trial. Br J Clin Pract 1996; 50: 73-75
  • 44 Park SS, Sinn DH, Kim Y-H et al. Efficacy and tolerability of split-dose magnesium citrate: low-volume (2 liters) polyethylene glycol vs. single- or split-dose polyethylene glycol bowel preparation for morning colonoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 1319-1326
  • 45 Sharma VK, Chockalingham SK, Ugheoke EA et al. Prospective, randomized, controlled comparison of the use of polyethylene glycol electrolyte lavage solution in four-liter versus two-liter volumes and pretreatment with either magnesium citrate or bisacodyl for colonoscopy preparation. Gastrointest Endosc 1998; 47: 167-171
  • 46 Jansen SV, Goedhard JG, Winkens B et al. Preparation before colonoscopy: a randomized controlled trial comparing different regimes. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 23: 897-902
  • 47 Pontone S. Low-volume plus ascorbic acid vs high-volume plus simethicone bowel preparation before colonoscopy. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17: 4689-4695
  • 48 Corporaal S, Kleibeuker JH, Koornstra JJ. Low-volume PEG plus ascorbic acid versus high-volume PEG as bowel preparation for colonoscopy. Scand J Gastroenterol 2010; 45: 1380-1386
  • 49 Marmo R, Rotondano G, Riccio G et al. Effective bowel cleansing before colonoscopy: a randomized study of split-dosage versus non-split dosage regimens of high-volume versus low-volume polyethylene glycol solutions. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 72: 313-320
  • 50 Ell C, Fischbach W, Bronisch H-J et al. Randomized trial of low-volume PEG solution versus standard PEG + electrolytes for bowel cleansing before colonoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 883-893
  • 51 Singh H, Turner D, Xue L et al. Risk of developing colorectal cancer following a negative colonoscopy examination: evidence for a 10-year interval between colonoscopies. JAMA 2006; 295: 2366-2373
  • 52 Baxter NN, Goldwasser MA, Paszat LF et al. Association of colonoscopy and death from colorectal cancer. Ann Intern Med 2009; 150: 1-8
  • 53 Abut E, Guveli H, Yasar B et al. Administration of olive oil followed by a low volume of polyethylene glycol-electrolyte lavage solution improves patient satisfaction with right-side colonic cleansing over administration of the conventional volume of polyethylene glycol-electrolyte lavage solution for colonoscopy preparation. Gastrointest Endosc 2009; 70: 515-521
  • 54 Haapamäki MM, Lindström M, Sandzén B. Low-volume bowel preparation is inferior to standard 4 1 polyethylene glycol. Surg Endosc 2011; 25: 897-901
  • 55 Enestvedt BK, Fennerty MB, Eisen GM. Randomised clinical trial: MiraLAX vs. Golytely – a controlled study of efficacy and patient tolerability in bowel preparation for colonoscopy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33: 33-40
  • 56 Hookey LC, Depew WT, Vanner SJ. Combined low volume polyethylene glycol solution plus stimulant laxatives versus standard volume polyethylene glycol solution: a prospective, randomized study of colon cleansing before colonoscopy. Can J Gastroenterol 2006; 20: 101-105
  • 57 DiPalma JA, Mcgowan J, Cleveland MV. Clinical trial: an efficacy evaluation of reduced bisacodyl given as part of a polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution preparation prior to colonoscopy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 26: 1113-1119
  • 58 Kilgore TW, Abdinoor AA, Szary NM et al. Bowel preparation with split-dose polyethylene glycol before colonoscopy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 73: 1240-1245
  • 59 Parra-Blanco A, Nicolas-Perez D, Gimeno-Garcia A et al. The timing of bowel preparation before colonoscopy determines the quality of cleansing, and is a significant factor contributing to the detection of flat lesions: a randomized study. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 6161-6166
  • 60 Church JM. Effectiveness of polyethylene glycol antegrade gut lavage bowel preparation for colonoscopy – timing is the key!. Dis Colon Rectum 1998; 41: 1223-1225
  • 61 Varughese S, Kumar AR, George A et al. Morning-only one-gallon polyethylene glycol improves bowel cleansing for afternoon colonoscopies: a randomized endoscopist-blinded prospective study. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 2368-2374
  • 62 Matro R, Shnitser A, Spodik M et al. Efficacy of morning-only compared with split-dose polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution for afternoon colonoscopy: a randomized controlled single-blind study. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 1954-1961
  • 63 Longcroft-Wheaton G, Bhandari P. Same-day bowel cleansing regimen is superior to a split-dose regimen over 2 days for afternoon colonoscopy: results from a large prospective series. J Clin Gastroenterol 2012; 46: 57-61
  • 64 Eun CS, Han DS, Hyun YS et al. The timing of bowel preparation is more important than the timing of colonoscopy in determining the quality of bowel cleansing. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56: 539-544
  • 65 Siddiqui AA, Yang K, Spechler SJ et al. Duration of the interval between the completion of bowel preparation and the start of colonoscopy predicts bowel-preparation quality. Gastrointest Endosc 2009; 69: 700-706
  • 66 Huffman M, Unger RZ, Thatikonda C et al. Split-dose bowel preparation for colonoscopy and residual gastric fluid volume: an observational study. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 72: 516-522
  • 67 Khan MA, Piotrowski Z, Brown MD. Patient acceptance, convenience, and efficacy of single-dose versus split-dose colonoscopy bowel preparation. J Clin Gastroenterol 2010; 44: 310-311
  • 68 Unger RZ, Amstutz SP, Seo DH et al. Willingness to undergo split-dose bowel preparation for colonoscopy and compliance with split-dose instructions. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55: 2030-2034
  • 69 Park JS, Sohn CI, Hwang SJ et al. Quality and effect of single dose versus split dose of polyethylene glycol bowel preparation for early-morning colonoscopy. Endoscopy 2007; 39: 616-619
  • 70 Committee on Standards and Practice Parameters, American Society of Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration: application to healthy patients undergoing elective procedures: An updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Committee on Standards and Practice Parameters. Anesthesiology 2011; 114: 495-511
  • 71 Vradelis S, Kalaitzakis E, Sharifi Y et al. Addition of senna improves quality of colonoscopy preparation with magnesium citrate. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15: 1759-1763
  • 72 Ziegenhagen DJ, Zehnter E, Tacke W et al. Addition of senna improves colonoscopy preparation with lavage: a prospective randomized trial. Gastrointest Endosc 1991; 37: 547-549
  • 73 Ziegenhagen DJ, Zehnter E, Tacke W et al. Senna vs. bisacodyl in addition to Golytely lavage for colonoscopy preparation – a prospective randomized trial. Z Gastroenterol 1992; 30: 17-19
  • 74 Amato A, Radaelli F, Paggi S et al. Half doses of PEG-ES and senna vs. high-dose senna for bowel cleansing before colonoscopy: a randomized, investigator-blinded trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 675-681
  • 75 Radaelli F, Meucci G, Imperiali G et al. High-dose senna compared with conventional PEG-ES lavage as bowel preparation for elective colonoscopy: a prospective, randomized, investigator-blinded trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 2674-2680
  • 76 Unal S, Doğan UB, Oztürk Z et al. A randomized prospective trial comparing 45 and 90-ml oral sodium phosphate with X-Prep in the preparation of patients for colonoscopy. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 1998; 61: 281-284
  • 77 Kositchaiwat S, Suwanthanmma W, Suvikapakornkul R et al. Comparative study of two bowel preparation regimens for colonoscopy: senna tablets vs sodium phosphate solution. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 5536-5539
  • 78 Hangartner PJ, Münch R, Meier J et al. Comparison of three colon cleansing methods: evaluation of a randomized clinical trial with 300 ambulatory patients. Endoscopy 1989; 21: 272-275
  • 79 Chen T-A, Wong H-Y, Lin C-K et al. High-dose bisacodyl plus water lavage compared with oral sodium phosphate as bowel preparation for outpatient colonoscopy. J Chin Med Assoc 2009; 72: 402-407
  • 80 Rasmussen M, Bohlbro K, Qvist N. Oral sodium phosphate compared with water enemas combined with bisacodyl as bowel preparation for elective colonoscopy. Scand J Gastroenterol 2003; 38: 1090-1094
  • 81 Wang H-S, Lin J-K. A randomized prospective trial of bowel preparation for colonoscopy with Fortrans compared with bisacodyl. J Chin Med Assoc 2003; 66: 364-369
  • 82 Chacaltana Mendoza A, Rodríguez Ulloa C. [Comparative study between manitol 10% and polyethyleneglycol [corrected] in colonoscopic preparation in inpatients of FAP Central Hospital]. Rev Gastroenterol Peru 2008; 28: 125-132
  • 83 Habr-Gama A, Bringel RW, Nahas SC et al. Bowel preparation for colonoscopy: comparison of mannitol and sodium phosphate. Results of a prospective randomized study. Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med Sao Paulo 1999; 54: 187-192
  • 84 Rey JF, Beilenhoff U, Neumann CS et al. European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) guideline: the use of electrosurgical units. Endoscopy 2010; 42: 764-772
  • 85 Markowitz GS, Stokes MB, Radhakrishnan J et al. Acute phosphate nephropathy following oral sodium phosphate bowel purgative: an underrecognized cause of chronic renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16: 3389-3396
  • 86 Brunelli SM. Association between oral sodium phosphate bowel preparations and kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2009; 53: 448-456
  • 87 Belsey J, Epstein O, Heresbach D. Systematic review: adverse event reports for oral sodium phosphate and polyethylene glycol. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 29: 15-28
  • 88 Pálmadóttir VK, Gudmundsson H, Hardarson S et al. Incidence and outcome of acute phosphate nephropathy in Iceland. PLoS One 2010; 5: e13484
  • 89 Hookey LC, Vanner S. Recognizing the clinical contraindications to the use of oral sodium phosphate for colon cleansing: a case study. Can J Gastroenterol 2004; 18: 455-458
  • 90 Wexner SD, Beck DE, Baron TH et al. A consensus document on bowel preparation before colonoscopy: prepared by a task force from the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS), the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE), and the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Gastrointest Endosc 2006; 63: 894-909
  • 91 Balaban DH. Guidelines for the safe and effective use of sodium phosphate solution for bowel cleansing prior to colonoscopy. Gastroenterol Nurs 2008; 31: 327-334 ; quiz 334–325
  • 92 Rex DK, Vanner SJ. Colon cleansing before colonoscopy: does oral sodium phosphate solution still make sense?. Can J Gastroenterol 2009; 23: 210-214
  • 93 Marshall JB, Pineda JJ, Barthel JS et al. Prospective, randomized trial comparing sodium phosphate solution with polyethylene glycol-electrolyte lavage for colonoscopy preparation. Gastrointest Endosc 1993; 39: 631-634
  • 94 Zhang Q-L, Rothenbacher D. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in population-based studies: systematic review. BMC Public Health 2008; 8: 117
  • 95 Russmann S, Lamerato L, Marfatia A et al. Risk of impaired renal function after colonoscopy: a cohort study in patients receiving either oral sodium phosphate or polyethylene glycol. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102: 2655-2663
  • 96 Markowitz GS, Perazella MA. Acute phosphate nephropathy. Kidney Int 2009; 76: 1027-1034
  • 97 Law W-L, Choi H-K, Chu K-W et al. Bowel preparation for colonoscopy: a randomized controlled trial comparing polyethylene glycol solution, one dose and two doses of oral sodium phosphate solution. Asian J Surg 2004; 27: 120-124
  • 98 Malik P, Balaban DH, Thompson WO et al. Randomized study comparing two regimens of oral sodium phosphates solution versus low-dose polyethylene glycol and bisacodyl. Dig Dis Sci 2009; 54: 833-841
  • 99 Rex DK, Schwartz H, Goldstein M et al. Safety and colon-cleansing efficacy of a new residue-free formulation of sodium phosphate tablets. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101: 2594-2604
  • 100 Wruble L, Demicco M, Medoff J et al. Residue-free sodium phosphate tablets (OsmoPrep) versus Visicol for colon cleansing: a randomized, investigator-blinded trial. Gastrointest Endosc 2007; 65: 660-670
  • 101 Frommer D. Cleansing ability and tolerance of three bowel preparations for colonoscopy. Dis Colon Rectum 1997; 40: 100-104
  • 102 Hassan C, Fuccio L, Bruno M et al. A predictive model identifies patients most likely to have inadequate bowel preparation for colonoscopy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 10: 501-506
  • 103 Chan WK, Saravanan A, Manikam J et al. Appointment waiting times and education level influence the quality of bowel preparation in adult patients undergoing colonoscopy. BMC Gastroenterol 2011; 11: 86
  • 104 Tae JW, Lee JC, Hong SJ et al. Impact of patient education with cartoon visual aids on the quality of bowel preparation for colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 76: 804-11
  • 105 Spiegel BM, Talley J, Shekelle P et al. Development and validation of a novel patient educational booklet to enhance colonoscopy preparation. Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106: 875-883
  • 106 Borg BB, Gupta NK, Zuckerman GR et al. Impact of obesity on bowel preparation for colonoscopy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 7: 670-675
  • 107 Chan W-K, Saravanan A, Manikam J et al. Appointment waiting times and education level influence the quality of bowel preparation in adult patients undergoing colonoscopy. BMC Gastroenterol 2011; 11: 86
  • 108 Chung YW, Han DS, Park KH et al. Patient factors predictive of inadequate bowel preparation using polyethylene glycol: a prospective study in Korea. J Clin Gastroenterol 2009; 43: 448-452
  • 109 Lebwohl B, Wang TC, Neugut AI. Socioeconomic and other predictors of colonoscopy preparation quality. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55: 2014-2020
  • 110 Ness RM, Manam R, Hoen H et al. Predictors of inadequate bowel preparation for colonoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96: 1797-1802
  • 111 Ben-Horin S, Bar-Meir S, Avidan B. The outcome of a second preparation for colonoscopy after preparation failure in the first procedure. Gastrointest Endosc 2009; 69: 626-630
  • 112 Ibáñez M, Parra-Blanco A, Zaballa P et al. Usefulness of an intensive bowel cleansing strategy for repeat colonoscopy after preparation failure. Dis Colon Rectum 2011; 54: 1578-1584
  • 113 Lieberman D, Nadel M, Smith RA et al. Standardized colonoscopy reporting and data system: report of the Quality Assurance Task Group of the National Colorectal Cancer Roundtable. Gastrointest Endosc 2007; 65: 757-766
  • 114 de Jonge V, Sint Nicolaas J, Cahen DL et al. Quality evaluation of colonoscopy reporting and colonoscopy performance in daily clinical practice. Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 75: 98-106
  • 115 Rigaux J, Juriens I, Devière J. A novel system for the improvement of colonic cleansing during colonoscopy. Endoscopy 2012; 44: 703-706
  • 116 Cappell MS, Colon VJ, Sidhom OA. A study at 10 medical centers of the safety and efficacy of 48 flexible sigmoidoscopies and 8 colonoscopies during pregnancy with follow-up of fetal outcome and with comparison to control groups. Dig Dis Sci 1996; 41: 2353-2361
  • 117 Cappell MS, Fox SR, Gorrepati N. Safety and efficacy of colonoscopy during pregnancy: an analysis of pregnancy outcome in 20 patients. J Reprod Med 2010; 55: 115-123
  • 118 Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ. Drugs in pregnancy and lactation: a reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk. 9th. edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011
  • 119 Nardulli G, Limongi F, Sue G et al. [Use of polyethylene glycol in the treatment of puerperal constipation]. GEN 1995; 49: 224-226
  • 120 Vinod J, Bonheur J, Korelitz BI et al. Choice of laxatives and colonoscopic preparation in pregnant patients from the viewpoint of obstetricians and gastroenterologists. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13: 6549-6552
  • 121 Atkinson RJ, Save V, Hunter JO. Colonic ulceration after sodium phosphate bowel preparation. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 2603-2605
  • 122 Rejchrt S, Bures J, Siroký M et al. A prospective, observational study of colonic mucosal abnormalities associated with orally administered sodium phosphate for colon cleansing before colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2004; 59: 651-654
  • 123 Coskun A, Uzunkoy A, Duzgun SA et al. Experimental sodium phosphate and polyethylene glycol induce colonic tissue damage and oxidative stress. Br J Surg 2001; 88: 85-89
  • 124 Erdogan B, Isiksoy S, Dundar E et al. The effects of sodium phosphate and polyethylene glycol-electrolyte bowel preparation solutions on 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced colitis in the rat. Exp Toxicol Pathol 2003; 55: 213-220
  • 125 Colacchio TA, Forde KA, Patsos TJ et al. Impact of modern diagnostic methods on the management of active rectal bleeding. Ten year experience. Am J Surg 1982; 143: 607-610
  • 126 Das A, Ben-Menachem T, Cooper GS et al. Prediction of outcome in acute lower-gastrointestinal haemorrhage based on an artificial neural network: internal and external validation of a predictive model. Lancet 2003; 362: 1261-1266
  • 127 Green BT, Rockey DC, Portwood G et al. Urgent colonoscopy for evaluation and management of acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 2395-2402
  • 128 Jensen DM, Machicado GA, Jutabha R et al. Urgent colonoscopy for the diagnosis and treatment of severe diverticular hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 78-82
  • 129 Jensen DM, Machicado GA. Diagnosis and treatment of severe hematochezia. The role of urgent colonoscopy after purge. Gastroenterology 1988; 95: 1569-1574
  • 130 Laine L, Shah A. Randomized trial of urgent vs. elective colonoscopy in patients hospitalized with lower GI bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 2636-2641 quiz 2642
  • 131 Lanas A, García-Rodríguez LA, Polo-Tomás M et al. Time trends and impact of upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding and perforation in clinical practice. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104: 1633-1641
  • 132 Saito K, Inamori M, Sekino Y et al. Management of acute lower intestinal bleeding: what bowel preparation should be required for urgent colonoscopy?. Hepatocastroenterology 2009; 56: 1331-1334