Endoscopy 2014; 46(S 01): E429-E430
DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1377432
Cases and Techniques Library (CTL)
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Idiopathic esophageal ulceration is nearly forgotten in an era of controlled human immunodeficiency virus

Noor Bekkali
1   Department of Gastroenterology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
2   Academic Medical Center of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
,
Guido E. L. van den Berk
3   Department of Internal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
,
Paul Drillenburg
4   Department of Pathology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
,
Dirk J. van Leeuwen
1   Department of Gastroenterology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
5   Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
14 October 2014 (online)

Obstruction due to esophageal ulceration is usually caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease, malignancy, or eosinophilic esophagitis. In patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), another specific cause of obstruction should not to be forgotten.

A 43-year-old HIV-infected man with low CD4 cell count and high viral load was admitted with odynophagia and dysphagia. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy showed severe esophagitis with strictures ([Fig. 1] and [Fig. 2]), and normal histology on repeat endoscopy. Multiple dilations and subsequent high-dose proton pump inhibitors and ganciclovir did not improve the symptoms. Serology for herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus was negative. Meanwhile, viral loads and CD4 cell count improved, as a result of adjustment to antiretroviral therapy.

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Fig. 1 Ulcerated esophagus prior to treatment.
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Fig. 2 Proximal esophageal ulcer.

Finally, a gastroenterologist who was experienced in HIV problems suggested the diagnosis of HIV-associated idiopathic esophageal ulceration (IEU). The patient was treated with liquid steroids (beclomethasone), which resulted in clinical and endoscopic improvement ([Fig. 3]).

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Fig. 3 Endoscopically normal esophagus after treatment.

In the early days of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome epidemic, gastroenterologists frequently encountered complications. IEU was typically seen in patients with uncontrolled HIV, as in the current patient. With increasingly well-monitored HIV treatment, IEU has become rare. Current gastroenterologists and internists are less familiar with diagnosing IEU, which should also be considered in other immunocompromised patients (e. g. stem cell or renal transplantation) [1] [2]. In addition, fragmentation of care may further delay proper treatment.

In the 1990s, one group reported an IEU prevalence of 15 % in HIV patients [3]. Typical symptoms were chest pain and odynophagia; dysphagia was less common. Histology is mandatory to exclude malignancy and infection.

The treatment of choice is steroids, with response in 90 % of patients [4] [5] [6]. With thalidomide, a success rate of 71 % was reported [7]. The current patient was successfully treated with orally administered enema steroids (beclomethasone). The influence of better viral control with interventions other than steroids is unknown. No data exist comparing the latter. Budesonide inhalers, prescribed for eosinophilic esophagitis, might be new additions to the armamentarium. In summary, early recognition of IEU is warranted in order to start treatment.

Erratum “Bekkali N, van den Berk GEL, Drillenburg P, van Leeuwen DJ. Idiopathic esophageal ulceration is nearly forgotten in an era of controlled human immunodeficiency virus. Endoscopy 2014; 46 CTL: E429 – E430. DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1377432”

The author’s name Guido L. E. van den Berk was corrected to Guido E. L. van den Berk.

Endoscopy_UCTN_Code_CCL_1AB_2AC_3AH

 
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