Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2014; 231(9): 929-936
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York Stellungnahme der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft, der Retinologischen Gesellschaft
und des Berufsverbandes der Augenärzte Deutschlands zur intravitrealen Therapie des
Makulaödems bei Uveitis (Stand: 02. 07. 2014)
Authors
A. Heiligenhaus
B. Bertram
C. Heinz
L. Krause
U. Pleyer
J. Roider
S. Sauer
S. Thurau
Literatur
1 Acharya NR, Hong KC, Lee SM. Ranibizumab for refractory uveitis-related macular edema.
Am J Ophthalmol 2009; 148: 303-309 2 Adan A, Pelegrin L, Rey A et al. Dexamethasone intravitreal implant for treatment
of uveitic persistent cystoid macular edema in vitrectomized patients. Retina 2013;
33: 1435-1440 3 Alpsoy E, Durusoy C, Yilmaz E et al. Interferon alfa-2a in the treatment of Behcet
disease: a randomized placebo-controlled and double-blind study. Arch Dermatol 2002;
138: 467-471 4 Androudi S, Tsironi E, Kalogeropoulos C et al. Intravitreal adalimumab for refractory
uveitis-related macular edema. Ophthalmology 2010; 117: 1612-1616 5 Angunawela RI, Heatley CJ, Williamson TH et al. Intravitreal triamcinalone acetonide
for refractory uveitic cystoid macular oedema: longterm management and outcome. Acta
Ophthalmol Scand 2005; 83: 595-599 6 Antonetti DA, Barber AJ, Hollinger LA et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor induces
rapid phosphorylation of tight junction proteins occludin and zonula occluden 1. A
potential mechanism for vascular permeability in diabetic retinopathy and tumors.
J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 23463-23467 7 Arcinue CA, Ceron OM, Foster CS. A comparison between the fluocinolone acetonide
(Retisert) and dexamethasone (Ozurdex) intravitreal implants in uveitis. J Ocul Pharmacol
Ther 2013; 29: 501-507 8 Bae JH, Lee CS, Lee SC. Efficacy and safety of intravitreal bevacizumab compared
with intravitreal and posterior sub-tenon triamcinolone acetonide for treatment of
uveitic cystoid macular edema. Retina 2011; 31: 111-118 9 Bashshur ZF, Maʼluf RN, Allam S et al. Intravitreal triamcinolone for the management
of macular edema due to nonischemic central retinal vein occlusion. Arch Ophthalmol
2004; 122: 1137-1140 10 Becker M, Davis J. Vitrectomy in the treatment of uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol 2005;
140: 1096-1105 11 Breitbach M, Rack D, Dietzel M et al. Dexamethason-Implantation zur Behandlung des
therapierefraktären zystoiden Makulaödems bei nichtinfektiöser Uveitis. Ophthalmologe
2012; DOG Abstract 12 Callanan DG, Jaffe GJ, Martin DF et al. Treatment of posterior uveitis with a fluocinolone
acetonide implant: three-year clinical trial results. Arch Ophthalmol 2008; 126: 1191-1201
13 Cervantes-Castaneda RA, Giuliari GP, Gallagher MJ et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab
in refractory uveitic macular edema: one-year follow-up. Eur J Ophthalmol 2009; 19:
622-629 14 Chu YK, Chung EJ, Kwon OW et al. Objective evaluation of cataract progression associated
with a high dose intravitreal triamcinolone injection. Eye (Lond) 2008; 22: 895-899
15 Cordero Coma M, Sobrin L, Onal S et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab for treatment of
uveitic macular edema. Ophthalmology 2007; 114: 1574-1579 16 Deuter CM, Kotter I, Gunaydin I et al. Efficacy and tolerability of interferon alpha
treatment in patients with chronic cystoid macular oedema due to non-infectious uveitis.
Br J Ophthalmol 2009; 93: 906-913 17 Dugel PU, Rao NA, Ozler S et al. Pars plana vitrectomy for intraocular inflammation-related
cystoid macular edema unresponsive to corticosteroids. A preliminary study. Ophthalmology
1992; 99: 1535-1541 18 Eckardt C, Bacskulin A. Vitrectomy in intermediate uveitis. Dev Ophthalmol 1992;
23: 232-238 19 Erb C, Schlote T. Medikamentöse Augentherapie. 5.. Auflage. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2011
20 Farvardin M, Afarid M, Mehryar M et al. Intravitreal infliximab for the treatment
of sight-threatening chronic noninfectious uveitis. Retina 2010; 30: 1530-1535 21 Ferrante P, Ramsey A, Bunce C et al. Clinical trial to compare efficacy and side
effects of injection of posterior sub-Tenon triamcinolone versus orbital floor methyprednisolone
in the management of posterior uveitis. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2004; 32: 563-568 22 Feucht M, Sturm V, Weissmann J et al. [Uveitic cystoid macular edema: intravitreal
triamcinolone]. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 2007; 224: 62-65 23 Gulati N, Forooghian F, Lieberman R et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor inhibition
in uveitis: a systematic review. Br J Ophthalmol 2011; 95: 162-165 24 Gutfleisch M, Spital G, Mingels A et al. Pars plana vitrectomy with intravitreal
triamcinolone: effect on uveitic cystoid macular oedema and treatment limitations.
Br J Ophthalmol 2007; 91: 345-348 25 Habot-Wilner Z, Sallam A, Pacheco PA et al. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide
as adjunctive treatment with systemic therapy for uveitis macular edema. Eur J Ophthalmol
2011; 21: 56-61 26 Haller JA, Dugel P, Weinberg DV et al. Evaluation of the safety and performance of
an applicator for a novel intravitreal dexamethasone drug delivery system for the
treatment of macular edema. Retina 2009; 29: 46-51 27 Hansen LL, Danisevskis P, Arntz HR et al. A randomised prospective study on treatment
of central retinal vein occlusion by isovolaemic haemodilution and photocoagulation.
Br J Ophthalmol 1985; 69: 108-116 28 Hardman JG, Limbird LE. The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. New York: McGraw-Hill;
1996 29 Hogewind BF, Zijlstra C, Klevering BJ et al. Intravitreal triamcinolone for the treatment
of refractory macular edema in idiopathic intermediate or posterior uveitis. Eur J
Ophthalmol 2008; 18: 429-434 30 Ip MS, Scott IU, VanVeldhuisen PC et al. A randomized trial comparing the efficacy
and safety of intravitreal triamcinolone with observation to treat vision loss associated
with macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion: the Standard Care
vs. Corticosteroid for Retinal Vein Occlusion (SCORE) study report 5. Arch Ophthalmol
2009; 127: 1101-1114 31 Jaissle GB, Szurman P, Volker M et al. Epiretinal deposit of triamcinolone acetonide
at the posterior pole after intravitreal injection. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging
2007; 38: 238-241 32 Kempen JH, Altaweel MM, Holbrook JT et al. Randomized comparison of systemic anti-inflammatory
therapy versus fluocinolone acetonide implant for intermediate, posterior and panuveitis:
the multicenter uveitis steroid treatment trial. Ophthalmology 2011; 118: 1916-1926
33 Kiryu J, Kita M, Tanabe T et al. Pars plana vitrectomy for cystoid macular edema
secondary to sarcoid uveitis. Ophthalmology 2001; 108: 1140-1144 34 Kiss S, Wessel MW. Multiple treatments of the sustained release dexamethasone implant
for the treatment of posterior non-infectious uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012;
ARVO Abstract 1185 35 Kok H, Lau C, Maycock N et al. Outcome of intravitreal triamcinolone in uveitis.
Ophthalmology 2005; 112: 1916 36 Kotter I, Gunaydin I, Zierhut M et al. The use of interferon alpha in Behcet disease:
review of the literature. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2004; 33: 320-335 37 Krause L, Altenburg A, Pleyer U et al. Longterm visual prognosis of patients with
ocular Adamantiades-Behcetʼs disease treated with interferon-alpha-2a. J Rheumatol
2008; 35: 896-903 38 Kube T, Sutter M, Trittler R et al. Carboxymethylcellulose as a new carrier substance
for intravitreal injection of reproducible amounts of triamcinolone. Graefes Arch
Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2006; 244: 1385-1390 39 Kuppermann BD, Blumenkranz MS, Haller JA et al. Randomized controlled study of an
intravitreous dexamethasone drug delivery system in patients with persistent macular
edema. Arch Ophthalmol 2007; 125: 309-317 40 Ladas ID, Karagiannis DA, Rouvas AA et al. Safety of repeat intravitreal injections
of bevacizumab versus ranibizumab: our experience after 2,000 injections. Retina 2009;
29: 313-318 41 Landa G, Amde W, Doshi V et al. Comparative study of intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin)
versus ranibizumab (Lucentis) in the treatment of neovascular age-related macular
degeneration. Ophthalmologica 2009; 223: 370-375 42 Lasave AF, Zeballos DG, El-Haig WM et al. Short-term results of a single intravitreal
bevacizumab (avastin) injection versus a single intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide
(kenacort) injection for the management of refractory noninfectious uveitic cystoid
macular edema. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2009; 17: 423-430 43 Lashay AR, Rahimi A, Chams H et al. Evaluation of the effect of acetazolamide on
cystoid macular oedema in patients with Behcetʼs disease. Eye (Lond) 2003; 17: 762-766
44 Leder HA, Jabs DA, Galor A et al. Periocular triamcinolone acetonide injections for
cystoid macular edema complicating noninfectious uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol 2011; 152:
441-448 45 Levin MH, Pistilli M, Daniel E et al. Incidence of visual improvement in uveitis
cases with visual impairment caused by macular edema. Ophthalmology 2014; 121: 588-595
46 Lott MN, Schiffman JC, Davis JL. Bevacizumab in inflammatory eye disease. Am J Ophthalmol
2009; 148: 711-717 47 Lowder C, Belfort jr. R, Lightman S et al. Dexamethasone intravitreal implant for
noninfectious intermediate or posterior uveitis. Arch Ophthalmol 2011; 129: 545-553
48 Luke M, Januschowski K, Beutel J et al. The effects of triamcinolone crystals on
retinal function in a model of isolated perfused vertebrate retina. Exp Eye Res 2008;
87: 22-29 49 Maca SM, Abela-Formanek C, Kiss CG et al. Intravitreal triamcinolone for persistent
cystoid macular oedema in eyes with quiescent uveitis. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol
2009; 37: 389-396 50 Mackensen F, Heinz C, Becker MD et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab (avastin) as a treatment
for refractory macular edema in patients with uveitis: a pilot study. Retina 2008;
28: 41-45 51 Mackensen F, Jakob E, Springer C et al. Interferon versus methotrexate in intermediate
uveitis with macular edema: results of a randomized controlled clinical trial. Am
J Ophthalmol 2013; 156: 478-486 52 Miserocchi E, Modorati G, Pastore MR et al. Dexamethasone intravitreal implant: an
effective adjunctive treatment for recalcitrant noninfectious uveitis. Ophthalmologica
2012; 228: 229-233 53 Moldow B, Sander B, Larsen M et al. The effect of acetazolamide on passive and active
transport of fluorescein across the blood-retina barrier in retinitis pigmentosa complicated
by macular oedema. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1998; 236: 881-889 54 Morrison VL, Kozak I, LaBree LD et al. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for the
treatment of immune recovery uveitis macular edema. Ophthalmology 2007; 114: 334-339
55 Myong JS, Aaker GD, Kiss S. Treatment of noninfectious posterior uveitis with dexamethason
intravitreal implant. Clin Ophthalmol 2010; 6: 1423-1426 56 Nehme A, Edelman J. Dexamethasone inhibits high glucose-, TNF-alpha-, and IL-1beta-induced
secretion of inflammatory and angiogenic mediators from retinal microvascular pericytes.
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49: 2030-2038 57 Pavesio C, Zierhut M, Bairi K et al. Evaluation of an intravitreal fluocinolone acetonide
implant versus standard systemic therapy in noninfectious posterior uveitis. Ophthalmology
2010; 117: 567-575 58 Pleyer U, Klamann M, Winterhalter S et al. Ozurdex: a new therapeutic option in uveitis
– clinical outcome from two German centers. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; ARVO Abstract
2249 59 Position of the Retinological Society, the German Ophthalmological Society and the
Professional Association of Ophthalmologists in Germany on the current therapeutic
possibilities for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd
2007; 224: 559-566 60 Radetzky S, Walter P, Fauser S et al. Visual outcome of patients with macular edema
after pars plana vitrectomy and indocyanine green-assisted peeling of the internal
limiting membrane. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2004; 242: 273-278 61 Radwan AE, Arcinue CA, Yang P et al. Bromfenac alone or with single intravitreal
injection of bevacizumab or triamcinolone acetonide for treatment of uveitic macular
edema. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2013; 251: 1801-1806 62 Roesel M, Gutfleisch M, Heinz C et al. [Effect of intravitreal and orbital floor
triamcinolone acetonide injection on intraocular inflammation in patients with active
non-infectious uveitis]. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 2009; 226: 110-114 63 Roesel M, Gutfleisch M, Heinz C et al. Intravitreal and orbital floor triamcinolone
acetonide injections in noninfectious uveitis: a comparative study. Ophthalmic Res
2009; 42: 81-86 64 Sallam A, Taylor SRJ, Habot-Wilner Z et al. Repeat intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide
injections in uveitic macular edema. Acta Ophthalmol 2012; 90: e323-e325 65 Schilling H, Heiligenhaus A, Laube T et al. Long-term effect of acetazolamide treatment
of patients with uveitic chronic cystoid macular edema is limited by persisting inflammation.
Retina 2005; 25: 182-188 66 Scott IU, Ip MS, VanVeldhuisen PC et al. A randomized trial comparing the efficacy
and safety of intravitreal triamcinolone with standard care to treat vision loss associated
with macular Edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion: the Standard Care vs.
Corticosteroid for Retinal Vein Occlusion (SCORE) study report 6. Arch Ophthalmol
2009; 127: 1115-1128 67 Shen L, You Y, Sun S et al. Intraocular and systemic pharmacokinetics of triamcinolone
acetonide after a single 40-mg posterior subtenon application. Ophthalmology 2010;
117: 2365-2371 68 Soheilian M, Rabbanikhah Z, Ramezani A et al. Bevacizumab vs. triamcinolone. Ophthalmology
2010; 117: 855 69 Soheilian M, Karimi S, Ramezani A et al. Pilot study of intravitreal injection of
diclofenac for treatment of macular edema of various etiologies. Retina 2010; 30:
509-515 70 Soheilian M, Eskandari A, Ramezani A et al. A pilot study of intravitreal diclofenac
versus intravitreal triamcinolone for uveitic cystoid macular edema. Ocul Immunol
Inflamm 2013; 21: 124-129 71 Taylor SRJ, Banker A, Schlaen A et al. Intraocular methotrexate can induce extended
remission in some patients in noninfectious uveitis. Retina 2013; 33: 2149-2154 72 Thomas ER, Wang J, Ege E et al. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide concentration
after subtenon injection. Am J Ophthalmol 2006; 142: 860-861 73 Tranos PG, Tsaousis KT, Vakalis AN et al. Long-term follow-up of inflammatory cystoid
macular edema. Retina 2012; 32: 1624-1628 74 Venkatesh P, Abhas Z, Garg S et al. Prospective optical coherence tomographic evaluation
of the efficacy of oral and posterior subtenon corticosteroids in patients with intermediate
uveitis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007; 245: 59-67 75 Verbraeken H. Therapeutic pars plana vitrectomy for chronic uveitis: a retrospective
study of the long-term results. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1996; 234: 288-293
76 Weiss K, Steinbrugger I, Weger M et al. Intravitreal VEGF levels in uveitis patients
and treatment of uveitic macular oedema with intravitreal bevacizumab. Eye 2009; 23:
1812-1818 77 Whitcup SM, Csaky KG, Podgor MJ et al. A randomized, masked, cross-over trial of
acetazolamide for cystoid macular edema in patients with uveitis. Ophthalmology 1996;
103: 1054-1062 (discussion 62–63) 78 Wiechens B, Nolle B, Reichelt JA. Pars-plana vitrectomy in cystoid macular edema
associated with intermediate uveitis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2001; 239:
474-481 79 Williams GA, Haller JA, Kuppermann BD et al. Dexamethasone posterior-segment drug
delivery system in the treatment of macular edema resulting from uveitis or Irvine-Gass
syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 2009; 147: 1048-1054 80 Wilson CA, Berkowitz BA, Sato Y et al. Treatment with intravitreal steroid reduces
blood-retinal barrier breakdown due to retinal photocoagulation. Arch Ophthalmol 1992;
110: 1155-1159
