Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2015; 232(1): 79-84
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York Leitlinie des Berufsverbands der Augenärzte Deutschlands e. V. und der Deutschen Ophthalomologischen
Gesellschaft: Leitlinie Nr. 24a: Uveitis intermedia (Stand: Juli 2014)[* ]
Authors
F. Mackensen
L. Baydoun
J. Garweg
T. Hudde
A. Heiligenhaus
Literatur
1 Jabs DA, Nussenblatt RB, Rosenbaum JT. Standardization of uveitis nomenclature for
reporting clinical data. Results of the First International Workshop. Am J Ophthalmol
2005; 140: 509-516 2 Suhler EB, Lloyd MJ, Choi D et al. Incidence and prevalence of uveitis in Veterans
Affairs Medical Centers of the Pacific Northwest. Am J Ophthalmol 2008; 146: 890e8-896e8
3 Darrell RW, Wagener HP, Kurland LT. Epidemiology of uveitis. Incidence and prevalence
in a small urban community. Arch Ophthalmol 1962; 68: 502-514 4 Gritz DC, Wong IG. Incidence and prevalence of uveitis in Northern California; the
Northern California Epidemiology of Uveitis Study. Ophthalmology 2004; 111: 491-500
(discussion 500) 5 Mortensen KK, Goldschmidt SA, Uveitis E. Eine epidemiologische Untersuchung. Ber
Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges 1981; 78: 97-101 6 Vadot E. Epidemiology of intermediate uveitis: a prospective study in Savoy. Dev
Ophthalmol 1992; 23: 33-34 7 Tran VT, Auer C, Guex-Crosier Y et al. Epidemiological characteristics of uveitis
in Switzerland. Int Ophthalmol 1994; 18: 293-298 8 Saari KM, Paivonsalo-Hietanen T, Vaahtoranta-Lehtonen H et al. Epidemiology of endogenous
uveitis in south-western Finland. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 1995; 73: 345-349 9 Miettinen R. Incidence of uveitis in Northern Finland. Acta Ophthalmol 1977; 55:
252-260 10 Manthey KF. Intraokuläre Entzündungen. Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke; 1988 11 Jakob E, Reuland MS, Mackensen F et al. Uveitis subtypes in a german interdisciplinary
uveitis center–analysis of 1916 patients. J Rheumatol 2009; 36: 127-136 12 McCannel CA, Holland GN, Helm CJ et al. Causes of uveitis in the general practice
of ophthalmology. UCLA Community-Based Uveitis Study Group. Am J Ophthalmol 1996;
121: 35-46 13 Boskovich SA, Lowder CY, Meisler DM et al. Systemic diseases associated with intermediate
uveitis. Cleve Clin J Med 1993; 60: 460-465 14 Bonfioli AA, Damico FM, Curi AL et al. Intermediate uveitis. Semin Ophthalmol 2005;
20: 147-154 15 Vidovic-Valentincic N, Kraut A, Hawlina M et al. Intermediate uveitis: long-term
course and visual outcome. Br J Ophthalmol 2009; 93: 477-480 16 Malinowsk SM, Pulido JS, Folk JC. Long-term visual outcome and complications associated
with pars planitis. Ophthalmology 1993; 100: 818-824 (discussion 825) 17 Fearnley IR, Rosenthal AR. Fuchsʼ heterochromic iridocyclitis revisited. Acta Ophthalmol
Scand 1995; 73: 166-170 18 Jones NP. Fuchsʼ Heterochromic Uveitis: a reappraisal of the clinical spectrum. Eye
(Lond) 1991; 5: 649-661 19 Mandeville JT, Levinson RD, Holland GN. The tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis
syndrome. Surv Ophthalmol 2001; 46: 195-208 20 Donaldson MJ, Pulido JS, Herman DC et al. Pars planitis: a 20-year study of incidence,
clinical features, and outcomes. Am J Ophthalmol 2007; 144: 812-817 21 Nussenblatt RB, Palestine AG, Chan CC et al. Standardization of vitreal inflammatory
activity in intermediate and posterior uveitis. Ophthalmology 1985; 92: 467-471 22 Ang M, Hedayatfar A, Zhang R et al. Clinical signs of uveitis associated with latent
tuberculosis. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2012; 40: 689-696 23 Quentin CD, Reiber H. Fuchs heterochromic cyclitis: rubella virus antibodies and
genome in aqueous humor. Am J Ophthalmol 2004; 138: 46-54 24 de Groot-Mijnes JD, de Visser L, Rothova A et al. Rubella virus is associated with
fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis. Am J Ophthalmol 2006; 141: 212-214 25 Roesel M, Gutfleisch M, Heinz C et al. Intravitreal and orbital floor triamcinolone
acetonide injections in noninfectious uveitis: a comparative study. Ophthalmic Res
2009; 42: 81-86 26 Bae JH, Lee CS, Lee SC. Efficacy and safety of intravitreal bevacizumab compared
with intravitreal and posterior sub-tenon triamcinolone acetonide for treatment of
uveitic cystoid macular edema. Retina 2011; 31: 111-118 27 Kok H, Lau C, Maycock N et al. Outcome of intravitreal triamcinolone in uveitis.
Ophthalmology 2005; 112: 1916e1-e7 28 Angunawela RI, Heatley CJ, Williamson TH et al. Intravitreal triamcinalone acetonide
for refractory uveitic cystoid macular oedema: longterm management and outcome. Acta
Ophthalmol Scand 2005; 83: 595-599 29 Lowder C, Belfort jr. R, Lightman S et al. Dexamethasone intravitreal implant for
noninfectious intermediate or posterior uveitis. Arch Ophthalmol 2011; 129: 545-553
30 Winterhalter S, Ruokonen P, van der Velden KH et al. [Intravitreal implants: drug
carriers and carriers of hope?]. Ophthalmologe 2011; 108: 222-229 31 Jaffe GJ, Martin D, Callanan D et al. Fluocinolone acetonide implant (Retisert) for
noninfectious posterior uveitis: thirty-four-week results of a multicenter randomized
clinical study. Ophthalmology 2006; 113: 1020-1027 32 Callanan DG, Jaffe GJ, Martin DF et al. Treatment of posterior uveitis with a fluocinolone
acetonide implant: three-year clinical trial results. Arch Ophthalmol 2008; 126: 1191-1201
33 Kempen JH, Altaweel MM, Holbrook JT et al. The multicenter uveitis steroid treatment
trial: rationale, design, and baseline characteristics. Am J Ophthalmol 2010; 149:
550e10-561e10 34 de Smet MD. Corticosteroid intravitreal implants. Dev Ophthalmol 2012; 51: 122-133
35 Soheilian M, Rabbanikhah Z, Ramezani A et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab versus triamcinolone
acetonide for refractory uveitic cystoid macular edema: a randomized pilot study.
J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2010; 26: 199-206 36 Cunningham jr. ET, Wender JD. Practical approach to the use of corticosteroids in
patients with uveitis. Can J Ophthalmol 2010; 45: 352-358 37 Taylor SR, Isa H, Joshi L et al. New developments in corticosteroid therapy for uveitis.
Ophthalmologica 2010; 224 (Suppl. 01) S46-S53 38 Whitcup SM et al. A randomized, masked, cross-over trial of acetazolamide for cystoid
macular edema in patients with uveitis. Ophthalmology 1996; 103: 1054-1062 (discussion
1062–1063) 39 Schilling H, Heiligenhaus A, Laube T et al. Long-term effect of acetazolamide treatment
of patients with uveitic chronic cystoid macular edema is limited by persisting inflammation.
Retina 2005; 25: 182-188 40 Jabs DA, Rosenbaum JT, Foster CS et al. Guidelines for the use of immunosuppressive
drugs in patients with ocular inflammatory disorders: recommendations of an expert
panel. Am J Ophthalmol 2000; 130: 492-513 41 Esterberg E, Acharya NR. Corticosteroid-sparing therapy: practice patterns among
uveitis specialists. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 2012; 2: 21-28 42 de Vries J, Baarsma GS, Zaal MJ et al. Cyclosporin in the treatment of severe chronic
idiopathic uveitis. Br J Ophthalmol 1990; 74: 344-349 43 Kacmaz RO, Kempen JH, Newcomb C et al. Cyclosporine for ocular inflammatory diseases.
Ophthalmology 2010; 117: 576-584 44 Nussenblatt RB, Palestine AG, Chan CC et al. Randomized, double-masked study of cyclosporine
compared to prednisolone in the treatment of endogenous uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol 1991;
112: 138-146 45 Gangaputra S, Newcomb CW, Liesegang TL et al. Methotrexate for ocular inflammatory
diseases. Ophthalmology 2009; 116: 2188e1-2198e1 46 Malik AR, Pavesio C. The use of low dose methotrexate in children with chronic anterior
and intermediate uveitis. Br J Ophthalmol 2005; 89: 806-808 47 Teoh SC, Hogan AC, Dick AD et al. Mycophenolate mofetil for the treatment of uveitis.
Am J Ophthalmol 2008; 146: 752-760 760e1–3 48 Galor A, Jabs DA, Leder HA et al. Comparison of antimetabolite drugs as corticosteroid-sparing
therapy for noninfectious ocular inflammation. Ophthalmology 2008; 115: 1826-1832
49 Thorne JE, Jabs DA, Qazi FA et al. Mycophenolate mofetil therapy for inflammatory
eye disease. Ophthalmology 2005; 112: 1472-1477 50 Doycheva D, Deuter C, Blumenstock G et al. Long-term results of therapy with mycophenolate
mofetil in ocular mucous membrane pemphigoid. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2011; 19: 431-438
51 Abu El-Asrar AM, Hemachandran S, Al-Mezaine HS et al. The outcomes of mycophenolate
mofetil therapy combined with systemic corticosteroids in acute uveitis associated
with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease. Acta Ophthalmol 2012; 90: e603-e608 52 Doycheva D, Zierhut M, Blumenstock G et al. Mycophenolate mofetil in the therapy
of uveitic macular edema–long-term results. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2012; 20: 203-211
53 Lau CH, Comer M, Lightman S. Long-term efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil in the control
of severe intraocular inflammation. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2003; 31: 487-491 54 Siepmann K, Huber M, Stubiger N et al. Mycophenolate mofetil is a highly effective
and safe immunosuppressive agent for the treatment of uveitis : a retrospective analysis
of 106 patients. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2006; 244: 788-794 55 Murphy CC, Greiner K, Plskova J et al. Cyclosporine vs. tacrolimus therapy for posterior
and intermediate uveitis. Arch Ophthalmol 2005; 123: 634-641 56 Hogan AC, McAvoy CE, Dick AD et al. Long-term efficacy and tolerance of tacrolimus
for the treatment of uveitis. Ophthalmology 2007; 114: 1000-1006 57 Pacheco PA, Taylor SR, Cuchacovich MT et al. Azathioprine in the management of autoimmune
uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2008; 16: 161-165 58 Yazici H, Pazarli H, Barnes CG et al. A controlled trial of azathioprine in Behcetʼs
syndrome. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 281-285 59 Greenwood AJ, Stanford MR, Graham EM. The role of azathioprine in the management
of retinal vasculitis. Eye (Lond) 1998; 12: 783-788 60 Roy M. Early clinical experience with leflunomide in uveitis. Can J Ophthalmol 2007;
42: 634 61 Molina C, Modesto C, Martin-Begué N et al. Leflunomide, a valid and safe drug for
the treatment of chronic anterior uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
Clin Rheumatol 2013; 32: 1673-1675 62 Mackensen F, Max R, Becker MD. Interferons and their potential in the treatment of
ocular inflammation. Clin Ophthalmol 2009; 3: 559-566 63 Deuter C, Stubiger N, Zierhut M. Interferon-alpha therapy in noninfectious uveitis.
Dev Ophthalmol 2012; 51: 90-97 64 Mackensen F, Jakob E, Springer C et al. Interferon versus methotrexate in intermediate
uveitis with macular edema: results of a randomized controlled clinical trial. Am
J Ophthalmol 2013; 156: 478e1-486e1 65 Missotten T, van Laar JA, van der Loos TL et al. Octreotide long-acting repeatable
for the treatment of chronic macular edema in uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol 2007; 144:
838-843 66 Cordero-Coma M, Yilmaz T, Onal S. Systematic review of anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha
therapy for treatment of immune-mediated uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2013; 21: 12-20
67 Rubbert-Roth A. Assessing the safety of biologic agents in patients with rheumatoid
arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012; 51 (Suppl. 05) v38-v47 68 Becker M, Davis J. Vitrectomy in the treatment of uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol 2005;
140: 1096-1105
