Horm Metab Res 2015; 47(05): 357-360
DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1549884
Review
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Disorders of Sex Development (DSD): Peer Relations and Psychosocial Well-Being

W. M. Bukowski
1   Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
,
E. McCauley
2   Department of Psychology, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, University of Washington, Washington, USA
,
T. Mazur
3   Department of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

received 14 October 2014

accepted 09 April 2015

Publication Date:
13 May 2015 (online)

Abstract

Social and emotional development is shaped by familial and extra-familial experiences especially interactions with peers. Children and adolescents with physical, behavioral or developmental differences, such as youth with disorders of sex development (DSD), may not benefit to the same degree as other children and adolescents from experiences with peers. This paper reviews current thinking about the features and effects of experiences with peers and the potential challenges of peer interactions for children and adolescents with DSD. We review findings from studies of adjustment for individuals with DSD. We finish the paper with a brief outline of a research agenda to promote the understanding of adjustment of individuals with DSD.

 
  • References

  • 1 Lee PA, Houk CP, Ahmed SF, Hughes IA. In: collaboration with the participants in the International Consensus Conference on Intersex. Consensus statement on management of intersex disorders. Pediatrics 2006; 118: 488-500
  • 2 Bukowski WM, Li KZ, Dirks M, Bouffard T. Developmental science and the study of successful development. Int J Develop Sci 2012; 6: 57-60
  • 3 Rubin KH, Bukowski WM, Parker JG In: Peer interactions, relationships and groups. Damon W. (Series ed.). Eisenberg N (Volume ed.). The Handbook of Child Psychology. New York: Wiley; 6th ed. 2006: 571-645
  • 4 Anderson HH, Anderson GL. Social development. In: Manual of child psychology. Carmichael L. (ed.). New York: Wiley; 2nd ed. 1954: 1162-1215
  • 5 Bukowski WM, Véronneau MH. Studying withdrawal and isolation in the Peer Group. In: The Handbook of Solitude: Psychological Perspectives on Social Isolation, Social Withdrawal, and Being Alone. Coplan R, Bowker J. (eds.). New York: Wiley; 2013: 14-33
  • 6 Rubin KH, Bukowski WM, Bowker J. Children in groups. In: The Handbook of Child Psychology. Lerner R. (Series ed.). Bornstein M (Volume ed.). New York: Wiley; in press
  • 7 Bukowski WM, Sippola LK. Groups individuals, and victimization: A view of the peer system. In: Peer harassment in school. Graham S, Juvonen J. (eds.) New York: Guilford Press; 2001: 355-377
  • 8 Vitaro F, Boivin M, Bukowski WM. The role of friendship in child and adolescent psychosocial development. In: Handbook of peer interactions, relationships, and groups. Rubin K, Bukowski WM, Laursen B. (eds.) New York: Guilford Press; 2009: 568-588
  • 9 Bukowski WM, Motzoi C, Meyer F. Friendship as process, function, and outcome. In Handbook of peer interactions, relationships, and groups. Rubin K, Bukowski WM, Laursen B. (eds.) New York: Guilford Press; 2009: 217-231
  • 10 Egan SK, Perry DG. Gender identity: a multidimensional analysis with implications for psychosocial adjustment. Develop Psychol 2001; 37: 451
  • 11 Berenbaum SA, Bryk Duck SC, Resnick SM. Psychological adjustment in children and adults. J Pediatrics 2004; 144: 741-746
  • 12 Velasquez AM, Santo JB, Saldarriaga LM, Lopez LS, Bukowski WM. Context-dependent victimization and aggression: Differences between all-girl and mixed-sex schools. Merrill-Palmer Quart 2010; 56: 283-302
  • 13 Stout SA, Litvak M, Robbins NM, Sandberg DE. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: Classification of studies employing psychological endpoints. Int J Pediatr Endocrinol 2010; 2010 191520
  • 14 Fedele DA, Kirk K, Wolfe-Christensen C, Phillips TM, Mazur T, Mullins LL, Chernausek SD, Wisniewski AB. Primary caregivers of children affected by disorders of sex development: mental health and caregiver characteristics in the context of genital ambiguity and genitoplasty. Int J Pediatr Endocrinol 2010; 2010 690674
  • 15 Wisniewski AB, Mazur T. 46,XY DSD with female or ambiguous external genitalia at birth due to androgen insensitivity, 5 alpha-reductase-2 deficiency, or 17 beta hydroxysteriod dehydrogenase deficiency: A review of quality of life outcome. Int J Pediatr Endocrinol 2009; 2009 567430
  • 16 Schutzmann K, Brinkmann L, Schact M, Richter-Appelt H. Pyschological distress, self harming behavior, and suicidal tendencies in adults with disorders of sex development. Arch Sex Behav 2009; 38: 16-33
  • 17 Hines M, Ahmed SF, Huges IA. Psychological outcomes and gender-related development in complete androgen insensitivity syndrome. Arch Sex Behav 2003; 32: 93-101
  • 18 Johannsen TH, Ripa CPL, Reinisch JM, Schwartz M, Mortensen EL, Main KM. Impaired cognitive function in women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 1376-1381
  • 19 Meyer-Balburg H. Psychoendocrinology of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. In: Genetic Steroid Disorders. New MA, Lekarev O, Parsa A, Yuen T, O’Malley D, Hammer G. (eds.). London: Academic Press; 2014: 285-300
  • 20 Strandquvist A, Falhammar H, Lichenstein P, Hirschberg AL, Wedell A, Norrby C, Nordenskjold A, Frisen L, Nordenstrom A. Suboptimal psychosocial outcomes in patients with congential adrenal hyperplasia: Epidemiological studies in a nonbased national cohort in Sweden. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99: 1425-1432
  • 21 Han TS, Krone N, Willis DS, Conway G, Hahner S, Rees DA, Stimson RH, Walker BR, Arlt W, Ross RJ. Quality of life in adults with congential adrenal hyperplasia relates to glucocorticoid treatment, adiposity, and insulin resisitence. Eur J Endocrinol 2013; 168: 887-893
  • 22 Berenbaum SA, Bryk Duck SC, Resnick SM. Psychological adjustment in children and adults. J Pediatrics 2004; 144: 741-746
  • 23 Cohen-Bendahan CC, van de Beek C, Berenbaum SA. Prenatal sex hormone effects on child and adult sex-typed behavior: Methods and findings. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 29: 353-384
  • 24 Mureau MA, Slijper FM, Slob AK, Verhulst FC. Psychosocial functioning of children, adolescents, and adults following hypospadias surgery: a comparative study. J Pediatr Psychol 1997; 22: 371-387
  • 25 Mondaini N, Ponchietti R, Bonafè M, Biscioni S, DiLoro F, Agostini P, Salvestrini F, Rizzo M. Hypospadias: incidence and effects on psychosexual development as evaluated with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Test in sample of 11649 young Italian men. Urol Int 2002; 68: 81-85
  • 26 Sandberg DE, Meyer-Bahlburg HF, Hensle TW, Levitt SB, Kogan SJ, Reda EF. Psychological adaption of middle childhood boys with hypospadias after genital surgery. J Pediatr Psychol 2001; 26: 465-475
  • 27 Schonbucher VB, Weber DM, Landolt MA. Psychosocial Adjustment, Health-Related Quality of Life, and Psychosexual Development of Boys with Hypospadias: A Systematic Review. J Pediatr Psychol 2008; 33: 520-535
  • 28 Slijper FM, Drop SL, Molenaar JC, de Muinck Keizer-Schrama SM. Long-term psychological evaluation of intersex children. Archiv Sex Behav 1998; 27: 125-144
  • 29 Friedman RM, Katz-Leavy JW, Manderscheid RW, Sondheimer DL. Prevalence of serious emotional disturbance in children and adolescents. In: Mental Health, United States. Manderscheid RW, Sonnenschein MA. (eds.) Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service; 1996: 71-89
  • 30 Jürgensen M, Lux A, Wien SB, Kleinemeier E, Hiort O, Thyen U. Disorders of Sex Development (DSD). Eur J Pediatr 2014; 173: 893-903
  • 31 Kleinemeier E, Jurgensen M, Lux A, Widenka P, Thyen U. Psychological Adjustment and Sexual Development of Adolescents With Disorders of Sex Development. J Adolesc Health 2010; 47: 463-471
  • 32 Noll RB, Bukowski WM. Social competence in children with chronic illness: The devil is in the details. J Pediatr Psychol 2012; 37: 959-966
  • 33 Schaie KW, Strother CR. A cross-sequential study of age changes in cognitive behavior. Psychol Bull 1968; 70: 671