PDF herunterladen
Semin Neurol 2015; 35(04): 458-468
DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1558983
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Autonomic Neuropathy

Jennifer Dineen
1   Department of Neurology, Center for Autonomic and Peripheral Nerve Disorders, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
,
Roy Freeman
1   Department of Neurology, Center for Autonomic and Peripheral Nerve Disorders, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
› Institutsangaben
Weitere Informationen

Publikationsverlauf

Publikationsdatum:
06. Oktober 2015 (online)

    Lizenzen und Reprints

Abstract

Autonomic nerve fibers are affected in most generalized peripheral neuropathies. Although this involvement is often mild or subclinical, there are a group of peripheral neuropathies in which the small or unmyelinated fibers are selectively or prominently targeted. These include the autonomic neuropathies associated with diabetes and amyloid, immune-mediated autonomic neuropathies including those associated with a paraneoplastic syndrome, inherited autonomic neuropathies, autonomic neuropathies associated with infectious diseases, and toxic autonomic neuropathies. The presenting features include impairment of cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, urogenital, thermoregulatory, sudomotor, and pupillomotor function. The accurate diagnosis of the autonomic neuropathies has been enhanced by the availability of physiological tests that measure autonomic function, and more recently, structural studies of the autonomic cutaneous innervation. With the help of these investigations and the judicious use of laboratory testing, many autonomic neuropathies can be accurately diagnosed and their clinical progression monitored.

Keywords

autonomic neuropathy - diabetic neuropathy - amyloid neuropathy - immune-mediated neuropathy - toxic neuropathy - orthostatic hypotension - cardiac autonomic neuropathy
 

  • References

  • 1 Smith AG. Impaired glucose tolerance and metabolic syndrome in idiopathic neuropathy. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2012; 17 (Suppl. 02) 15-21
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Gibbons CH, Freeman R. Treatment-induced neuropathy of diabetes: an acute, iatrogenic complication of diabetes. Brain 2015; 138 (Pt 1): 43-52
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Gibbons CH, Freeman R. Treatment-induced diabetic neuropathy: a reversible painful autonomic neuropathy. Ann Neurol 2010; 67 (4) 534-541
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Adler GK, Bonyhay I, Failing H, Waring E, Dotson S, Freeman R. Antecedent hypoglycemia impairs autonomic cardiovascular function: implications for rigorous glycemic control. Diabetes 2009; 58 (2) 360-366
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Freeman R. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Handb Clin Neurol 2014; 126: 63-79
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Neil HA, Thompson AV, John S, McCarthy ST, Mann JI. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy: the prevalence of impaired heart rate variability in a geographically defined population. Diabet Med 1989; 6 (1) 20-24
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Töyry JP, Niskanen LK, Mäntysaari MJ, Länsimies EA, Uusitupa MI. Occurrence, predictors, and clinical significance of autonomic neuropathy in NIDDM. Ten-year follow-up from the diagnosis. Diabetes 1996; 45 (3) 308-315
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Freeman R, Wieling W, Axelrod FB , et al. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, neurally mediated syncope and the postural tachycardia syndrome. Auton Neurosci 2011; 161 (1–2) 46-48
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Low PA, Walsh JC, Huang CY, McLeod JG. The sympathetic nervous system in diabetic neuropathy. A clinical and pathological study. Brain 1975; 98 (3) 341-356
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Ewing DJ, Campbell IW, Clarke BF. The natural history of diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Q J Med 1980; 49 (193) 95-108
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 O'Brien IA, McFadden JP, Corrall RJ. The influence of autonomic neuropathy on mortality in insulin-dependent diabetes. Q J Med 1991; 79 (290) 495-502
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Navarro X, Kennedy WR, Loewenson RB, Sutherland DE. Influence of pancreas transplantation on cardiorespiratory reflexes, nerve conduction, and mortality in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 1990; 39 (7) 802-806
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Rathmann W, Ziegler D, Jahnke M, Haastert B, Gries FA. Mortality in diabetic patients with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. Diabet Med 1993; 10 (9) 820-824
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Sampson MJ, Wilson S, Karagiannis P, Edmonds M, Watkins PJ. Progression of diabetic autonomic neuropathy over a decade in insulin-dependent diabetics. Q J Med 1990; 75 (278) 635-646
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Chen HS, Hwu CM, Kuo BI , et al. Abnormal cardiovascular reflex tests are predictors of mortality in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 2001; 18 (4) 268-273
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Gerritsen J, Dekker JM, TenVoorde BJ , et al. Impaired autonomic function is associated with increased mortality, especially in subjects with diabetes, hypertension, or a history of cardiovascular disease: the Hoorn Study. Diabetes Care 2001; 24 (10) 1793-1798
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Maser RE, Pfeifer MA, Dorman JS, Kuller LH, Becker DJ, Orchard TJ. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy and cardiovascular risk. Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study III. Arch Intern Med 1990; 150 (6) 1218-1222
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Maser RE, Mitchell BD, Vinik AI, Freeman R. The association between cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and mortality in individuals with diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2003; 26 (6) 1895-1901
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Soedamah-Muthu SS, Chaturvedi N, Witte DR, Stevens LK, Porta M, Fuller JH ; EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study Group. Relationship between risk factors and mortality in type 1 diabetic patients in Europe: the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study (PCS). Diabetes Care 2008; 31 (7) 1360-1366
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Pop-Busui R, Low PA, Waberski BH , et al; DCCT/EDIC Research Group. Effects of prior intensive insulin therapy on cardiac autonomic nervous system function in type 1 diabetes mellitus: the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications study (DCCT/EDIC). Circulation 2009; 119 (22) 2886-2893
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Wegener M, Börsch G, Schaffstein J, Luerweg C, Leverkus F. Gastrointestinal transit disorders in patients with insulin-treated diabetes mellitus. Dig Dis 1990; 8 (1) 23-36
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Horowitz M, Harding PE, Maddox AF , et al. Gastric and oesophageal emptying in patients with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 1989; 32 (3) 151-159
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Kempler P, Amarenco G, Freeman R , et al. Gastrointestinal autonomic neuropathy, erectile-, bladder- and sudomotor dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus: clinical impact, assessment, diagnosis, and management. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2011; 27: 665-677
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Enck P, Frieling T. Pathophysiology of diabetic gastroparesis. Diabetes 1997; 46 (Suppl. 02) S77-S81
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Kong MF, Horowitz M, Jones KL, Wishart JM, Harding PE. Natural history of diabetic gastroparesis. Diabetes Care 1999; 22 (3) 503-507
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Jones KL, Russo A, Stevens JE, Wishart JM, Berry MK, Horowitz M. Predictors of delayed gastric emptying in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2001; 24 (7) 1264-1269
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Ma J, Rayner CK, Jones KL, Horowitz M. Diabetic gastroparesis: diagnosis and management. Drugs 2009; 69 (8) 971-986
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Hebbard GS, Samsom M, Sun WM, Dent J, Horowitz M. Hyperglycemia affects proximal gastric motor and sensory function during small intestinal triglyceride infusion. Am J Physiol 1996; 271 (5 Pt 1) G814-G819
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Rayner CK, Samsom M, Jones KL, Horowitz M. Relationships of upper gastrointestinal motor and sensory function with glycemic control. Diabetes Care 2001; 24 (2) 371-381
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Horowitz M, Jones KL, Rayner CK, Read NW. ‘Gastric’ hypoglycaemia—an important concept in diabetes management. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2006; 18 (6) 405-407
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Battle WM, Snape Jr WJ, Alavi A, Cohen S, Braunstein S. Colonic dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. Gastroenterology 1980; 79 (6) 1217-1221
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Feldman M, Schiller LR. Disorders of gastrointestinal motility associated with diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 1983; 98 (3) 378-384
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Maleki D, Locke III GR, Camilleri M , et al. Gastrointestinal tract symptoms among persons with diabetes mellitus in the community. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160 (18) 2808-2816
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Schiller LR, Santa Ana CA, Schmulen AC, Hendler RS, Harford WV, Fordtran JS. Pathogenesis of fecal incontinence in diabetes mellitus: evidence for internal-anal-sphincter dysfunction. N Engl J Med 1982; 307 (27) 1666-1671
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Fedorak RN, Field M, Chang EB. Treatment of diabetic diarrhea with clonidine. Ann Intern Med 1985; 102 (2) 197-199
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Frimodt-Møller C, Mortensen S. Treatment of diabetic cystopathy. Ann Intern Med 1980; 92 (2 Pt 2) 327-328
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Ellenberg M. Development of urinary bladder dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 1980; 92 (2 Pt 2) 321-323
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Ioanid CP, Noica N, Pop T. Incidence and diagnostic aspects of the bladder disorders in diabetics. Eur Urol 1981; 7 (4) 211-214
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Burakgazi AZ, Alsowaity B, Burakgazi ZA, Unal D, Kelly JJ. Bladder dysfunction in peripheral neuropathies. Muscle Nerve 2012; 45 (1) 2-8
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 McCulloch DK, Campbell IW, Wu FC, Prescott RJ, Clarke BF. The prevalence of diabetic impotence. Diabetologia 1980; 18 (4) 279-283
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Bacon CG, Hu FB, Giovannucci E, Glasser DB, Mittleman MA, Rimm EB. Association of type and duration of diabetes with erectile dysfunction in a large cohort of men. Diabetes Care 2002; 25 (8) 1458-1463
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Enzlin P, Mathieu C, Van den Bruel A, Bosteels J, Vanderschueren D, Demyttenaere K. Sexual dysfunction in women with type 1 diabetes: a controlled study. Diabetes Care 2002; 25 (4) 672-677
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Fealey RD, Low PA, Thomas JE. Thermoregulatory sweating abnormalities in diabetes mellitus. Mayo Clin Proc 1989; 64 (6) 617-628
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Blair DI, Sagel J, Taylor I. Diabetic gustatory sweating. South Med J 2002; 95 (3) 360-362
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Suarez GA, Fealey RD, Camilleri M, Low PA. Idiopathic autonomic neuropathy: clinical, neurophysiologic, and follow-up studies on 27 patients. Neurology 1994; 44 (9) 1675-1682
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Young RR, Asbury AK, Corbett JL, Adams RD. Pure pan-dysautonomia with recovery. Description and discussion of diagnostic criteria. Brain 1975; 98 (4) 613-636
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Hart RG, Kanter MC. Acute autonomic neuropathy. Two cases and a clinical review. Arch Intern Med 1990; 150 (11) 2373-2376
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Koike H, Atsuta N, Adachi H , et al. Clinicopathological features of acute autonomic and sensory neuropathy. Brain 2010; 133 (10) 2881-2896
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Vernino S, Low PA, Fealey RD, Stewart JD, Farrugia G, Lennon VA. Autoantibodies to ganglionic acetylcholine receptors in autoimmune autonomic neuropathies. N Engl J Med 2000; 343 (12) 847-855
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Sandroni P, Vernino S, Klein CM , et al. Idiopathic autonomic neuropathy: comparison of cases seropositive and seronegative for ganglionic acetylcholine receptor antibody. Arch Neurol 2004; 61 (1) 44-48
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Klein CM, Vernino S, Lennon VA , et al. The spectrum of autoimmune autonomic neuropathies. Ann Neurol 2003; 53 (6) 752-758
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Goldstein DS, Holmes C, Dendi R, Li ST, Brentzel S, Vernino S. Pandysautonomia associated with impaired ganglionic neurotransmission and circulating antibody to the neuronal nicotinic receptor. Clin Auton Res 2002; 12 (4) 281-285
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Gibbons CH, Freeman R. Antibody titers predict clinical features of autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy. Auton Neurosci 2009; 146 (1–2) 8-12
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Miglis MG, Racela R, Kaufmann H. Seropositive myasthenia and autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy: cross reactivity or subclinical disease?. Auton Neurosci 2011; 164 (1–2) 87-88
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Schroeder C, Vernino S, Birkenfeld AL , et al. Plasma exchange for primary autoimmune autonomic failure. N Engl J Med 2005; 353 (15) 1585-1590
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Gibbons CH, Vernino SA, Kaufmann H, Freeman R. L-DOPS therapy for refractory orthostatic hypotension in autoimmune autonomic neuropathy. Neurology 2005; 65 (7) 1104-1106
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Gibbons CH, Vernino SA, Freeman R. Combined immunomodulatory therapy in autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy. Arch Neurol 2008; 65 (2) 213-217
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Gibbons CH, Centi J, Vernino S, Freeman R. Autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy with reversible cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol 2012; 69 (4) 461-466
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Nakane S, Higuchi O, Koga M , et al. Clinical features of autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy and the detection of subunit-specific autoantibodies to the ganglionic acetylcholine receptor in Japanese patients. PLoS ONE 2015; 10 (3) e0118312
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Neal AJ, Qian MY, Clinch AS, Le BH. Orthostatic hypotension secondary to CRMP-5 paraneoplastic autonomic neuropathy. J Clin Neurosci 2014; 21 (5) 885-886
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Rudnicki SA, Dalmau J. Paraneoplastic syndromes of the peripheral nerves. Curr Opin Neurol 2005; 18 (5) 598-603
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Camdessanché JP, Antoine JC, Honnorat J , et al. Paraneoplastic peripheral neuropathy associated with anti-Hu antibodies. A clinical and electrophysiological study of 20 patients. Brain 2002; 125 (Pt 1) 166-175
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Vernino S, Eggenberger ER, Rogers LR, Lennon VA. Paraneoplastic neurological autoimmunity associated with ANNA-1 autoantibody and thymoma. Neurology 2002; 59 (6) 929-932
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Vernino S, Tuite P, Adler CH , et al. Paraneoplastic chorea associated with CRMP-5 neuronal antibody and lung carcinoma. Ann Neurol 2002; 51 (5) 625-630
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Winkler AS, Dean A, Hu M, Gregson N, Chaudhuri KR. Phenotypic and neuropathologic heterogeneity of anti-Hu antibody-related paraneoplastic syndrome presenting with progressive dysautonomia: report of two cases. Clin Auton Res 2001; 11 (2) 115-118
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Graus F, Keime-Guibert F, Reñe R , et al. Anti-Hu-associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis: analysis of 200 patients. Brain 2001; 124 (Pt 6) 1138-1148
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Koike H, Sobue G. Paraneoplastic neuropathy. Handb Clin Neurol 2013; 115: 713-726
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Lucchinetti CF, Kimmel DW, Lennon VA. Paraneoplastic and oncologic profiles of patients seropositive for type 1 antineuronal nuclear autoantibodies. Neurology 1998; 50 (3) 652-657
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Dalmau J, Graus F, Rosenblum MK, Posner JB. Anti-Hu—associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis/sensory neuronopathy. A clinical study of 71 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 1992; 71 (2) 59-72
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Vernino S, Lennon VA. New Purkinje cell antibody (PCA-2): marker of lung cancer-related neurological autoimmunity. Ann Neurol 2000; 47 (3) 297-305
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Yu Z, Kryzer TJ, Griesmann GE, Kim K, Benarroch EE, Lennon VA. CRMP-5 neuronal autoantibody: marker of lung cancer and thymoma-related autoimmunity. Ann Neurol 2001; 49 (2) 146-154
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Florance NR, Davis RL, Lam C , et al. Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis in children and adolescents. Ann Neurol 2009; 66 (1) 11-18
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Dalmau J, Gleichman AJ, Hughes EG , et al. Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7 (12) 1091-1098
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Dalmau J, Lancaster E, Martinez-Hernandez E, Rosenfeld MR, Balice-Gordon R. Clinical experience and laboratory investigations in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Lancet Neurol 2011; 10 (1) 63-74
    Google Scholar
  • 75 Chai J, Logigian EL. Neurological manifestations of primary Sjogren's syndrome. Curr Opin Neurol 2010; 23 (5) 509-513
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Mori K, Iijima M, Koike H , et al. The wide spectrum of clinical manifestations in Sjögren's syndrome-associated neuropathy. Brain 2005; 128 (Pt 11) 2518-2534
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Kovács L, Paprika D, Tákacs R , et al. Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in primary Sjögren's syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004; 43 (1) 95-99
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Wright RA, Grant IA, Low PA. Autonomic neuropathy associated with sicca complex. J Auton Nerv Syst 1999; 75 (1) 70-76
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Edmonds ME, Jones TC, Saunders WA, Sturrock RD. Autonomic neuropathy in rheumatoid arthritis. BMJ 1979; 2 (6183) 173-175
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Louthrenoo W, Ruttanaumpawan P, Aramrattana A, Sukitawut W. Cardiovascular autonomic nervous system dysfunction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. QJM 1999; 92 (2) 97-102
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Arruda WO, Teive HA, Ramina R, Wunder PR, Rocha LC. Autonomic neuropathy in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989; 52 (4) 539-540
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Tarr TB, Wipf P, Meriney SD. Synaptic pathophysiology and treatment of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Mol Neurobiol 2014;
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Waterman SA. Autonomic dysfunction in Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Clin Auton Res 2001; 11 (3) 145-154
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 O'Suilleabhain P, Low PA, Lennon VA. Autonomic dysfunction in the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome: serologic and clinical correlates. Neurology 1998; 50 (1) 88-93
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Khurana RK, Koski CL, Mayer RF. Autonomic dysfunction in Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. J Neurol Sci 1988; 85 (1) 77-86
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Mamdani MB, Walsh RL, Rubino FA, Brannegan RT, Hwang MH. Autonomic dysfunction and Eaton Lambert syndrome. J Auton Nerv Syst 1985; 12 (4) 315-320
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Keogh M, Sedehizadeh S, Maddison P. Treatment for Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; (2) CD003279
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 McEvoy KM, Windebank AJ, Daube JR, Low PA. 3,4-Diaminopyridine in the treatment of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. N Engl J Med 1989; 321 (23) 1567-1571
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Vernino S, Cheshire WP, Lennon VA. Myasthenia gravis with autoimmune autonomic neuropathy. Auton Neurosci 2001; 88 (3) 187-192
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Hadjivassiliou M, Grünewald RA, Kandler RH , et al. Neuropathy associated with gluten sensitivity. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006; 77 (11) 1262-1266
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Gibbons CH, Freeman R. Autonomic neuropathy and coeliac disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005; 76 (4) 579-581
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Bennett JL, Mahalingam R, Wellish MC, Gilden DH. Epstein-Barr virus—associated acute autonomic neuropathy. Ann Neurol 1996; 40 (3) 453-455
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Neville BG, Sladen GE. Acute autonomic neuropathy following primary herpes simplex infection. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1984; 47 (6) 648-650
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Smit AA, Vermeulen M, Koelman JH, Wieling W. Unusual recovery from acute panautonomic neuropathy after immunoglobulin therapy. Mayo Clin Proc 1997; 72 (4) 333-335
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Heafield MT, Gammage MD, Nightingale S, Williams AC. Idiopathic dysautonomia treated with intravenous gammaglobulin. Lancet 1996; 347 (8993) 28-29
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Tuck RR, McLeod JG. Autonomic dysfunction in Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1981; 44 (11) 983-990
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Zochodne DW. Autonomic involvement in Guillain-Barré syndrome: a review. Muscle Nerve 1994; 17 (10) 1145-1155
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Cortelli P, Contin M, Lugaresi A, Baruzzi A, Montagna P. Severe dysautonomic onset of Guillain-Barré syndrome with good recovery. A clinical and autonomic follow-up study. Ital J Neurol Sci 1990; 11 (2) 159-162
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Feasby TE, Gilbert JJ, Brown WF , et al. An acute axonal form of Guillain-Barré polyneuropathy. Brain 1986; 109 (Pt 6) 1115-1126
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Winer JB, Hughes RAC. Identification of patients at risk of arrhythmia in the Guillain-Barré syndrome. Q J Med 1988; 68 (257) 735-739
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Ropper AH, Wijdicks EFM, Truax BT. Guillain Barre syndrome. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis; 1991
    Google Scholar
  • 102 Figueroa JJ, Dyck PJ, Laughlin RS , et al. Autonomic dysfunction in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Neurology 2012; 78 (10) 702-708
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Bryce AH, Kyle RA, Dispenzieri A, Gertz MA. Natural history and therapy of 66 patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia. Am J Hematol 2006; 81 (7) 511-518
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Ammendola A, Sampaolo S, Ambrosone L , et al. Peripheral neuropathy in hepatitis-related mixed cryoglobulinemia: electrophysiologic follow-up study. Muscle Nerve 2005; 31 (3) 382-385
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Ammendola A, Sampaolo S, Migliaresi S , et al. Autonomic neuropathy in mixed cryoglobulinemia. J Neurol 2007; 254 (2) 215-219
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Falk RH, Skinner M. The systemic amyloidoses: an overview. Adv Intern Med 2000; 45: 107-137
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Simmons Z, Blaivas M, Aguilera AJ, Feldman EL, Bromberg MB, Towfighi J. Low diagnostic yield of sural nerve biopsy in patients with peripheral neuropathy and primary amyloidosis. J Neurol Sci 1993; 120 (1) 60-63
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Mathis S, Magy L, Diallo L, Boukhris S, Vallat JM. Amyloid neuropathy mimicking chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Muscle Nerve 2012; 45 (1) 26-31
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Planté-Bordeneuve V, Ferreira A, Lalu T , et al. Diagnostic pitfalls in sporadic transthyretin familial amyloid polyneuropathy (TTR-FAP). Neurology 2007; 69 (7) 693-698
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 Gertz MA. Immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis: 2014 update on diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Am J Hematol 2014; 89 (12) 1132-1140
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 111 Cohen AD, Comenzo RL. Systemic light-chain amyloidosis: advances in diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. Hematology (Am Soc Hematol Educ Program) 2010; 2010 (10) 287-294
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 112 Rajkumar SV, Gertz MA, Kyle RA. Prognosis of patients with primary systemic amyloidosis who present with dominant neuropathy. Am J Med 1998; 104 (3) 232-237
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 113 Wang AK, Fealey RD, Gehrking TL, Low PA. Patterns of neuropathy and autonomic failure in patients with amyloidosis. Mayo Clin Proc 2008; 83 (11) 1226-1230
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 114 Kumar SK, Gertz MA, Lacy MQ , et al. Recent improvements in survival in primary systemic amyloidosis and the importance of an early mortality risk score. Mayo Clin Proc 2011; 86 (1) 12-18
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 115 Andrade C. A peculiar form of peripheral neuropathy; familiar atypical generalized amyloidosis with special involvement of the peripheral nerves. Brain 1952; 75 (3) 408-427
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 116 Saraiva MJM, Costa PP, Goodman DS. Biochemical marker in familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy, Portuguese type. Family studies on the transthyretin (prealbumin)-methionine-30 variant. J Clin Invest 1985; 76 (6) 2171-2177
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 117 Benson MD, Kincaid JC. The molecular biology and clinical features of amyloid neuropathy. Muscle Nerve 2007; 36 (4) 411-423
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 118 Kim DH, Zeldenrust SR, Low PA, Dyck PJ. Quantitative sensation and autonomic test abnormalities in transthyretin amyloidosis polyneuropathy. Muscle Nerve 2009; 40 (3) 363-370
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 119 Ando Y, Nakamura M, Araki S. Transthyretin-related familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy. Arch Neurol 2005; 62 (7) 1057-1062
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 120 Koike H, Tanaka F, Hashimoto R , et al. Natural history of transthyretin Val30Met familial amyloid polyneuropathy: analysis of late-onset cases from non-endemic areas. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012; 83 (2) 152-158
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 121 Planté-Bordeneuve V, Kerschen P. Transthyretin familial amyloid polyneuropathy. Handb Clin Neurol 2013; 115: 643-658
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 122 Planté-Bordeneuve V, Said G. Familial amyloid polyneuropathy. Lancet Neurol 2011; 10 (12) 1086-1097
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 123 Yamamoto S, Wilczek HE, Nowak G , et al. Liver transplantation for familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP): a single-center experience over 16 years. Am J Transplant 2007; 7 (11) 2597-2604
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 124 Pomfret EA, Lewis WD, Jenkins RL , et al. Effect of orthotopic liver transplantation on the progression of familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy. Transplantation 1998; 65 (7) 918-925
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 125 Skinner M, Lewis WD, Jones LA , et al. Liver transplantation as a treatment for familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy. Ann Intern Med 1994; 120 (2) 133-134
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 126 Holmgren G, Steen L, Ekstedt J , et al. Biochemical effect of liver transplantation in two Swedish patients with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP-met30). Clin Genet 1991; 40 (3) 242-246
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 127 Shimojima Y, Morita H, Kobayashi S, Takei Y, Ikeda S. Ten-year follow-up of peripheral nerve function in patients with familial amyloid polyneuropathy after liver transplantation. J Neurol 2008; 255 (8) 1220-1225
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 128 Delahaye N, Rouzet F, Sarda L , et al. Impact of liver transplantation on cardiac autonomic denervation in familial amyloid polyneuropathy. Medicine (Baltimore) 2006; 85 (4) 229-238
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 129 Conceição I, Evangelista T, Castro J , et al. Acquired amyloid neuropathy in a Portuguese patient after domino liver transplantation. Muscle Nerve 2010; 42 (5) 836-839
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 130 Coelho T, Maia LF, Martins da Silva A , et al. Tafamidis for transthyretin familial amyloid polyneuropathy: a randomized, controlled trial. Neurology 2012; 79 (8) 785-792
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 131 Berk JL, Suhr OB, Obici L , et al; Diflunisal Trial Consortium. Repurposing diflunisal for familial amyloid polyneuropathy: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2013; 310 (24) 2658-2667
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 132 Adams D, Théaudin M, Cauquil C, Algalarrondo V, Slama M. FAP neuropathy and emerging treatments. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2014; 14 (3) 435
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 133 Coelho T, Adams D, Silva A , et al. Safety and efficacy of RNAi therapy for transthyretin amyloidosis. N Engl J Med 2013; 369 (9) 819-829
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 134 Faber CG, Hoeijmakers JG, Ahn HS , et al. Gain of function Naν1.7 mutations in idiopathic small fiber neuropathy. Ann Neurol 2012; 71 (1) 26-39
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 135 Faber CG, Lauria G, Merkies IS , et al. Gain-of-function Nav1.8 mutations in painful neuropathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109 (47) 19444-19449
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 136 Huang J, Yang Y, Zhao P , et al. Small-fiber neuropathy Nav1.8 mutation shifts activation to hyperpolarized potentials and increases excitability of dorsal root ganglion neurons. J Neurosci 2013; 33 (35) 14087-14097
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 137 Klein CJ, Lennon VA, Aston PA, McKeon A, Pittock SJ. Chronic pain as a manifestation of potassium channel-complex autoimmunity. Neurology 2012; 79 (11) 1136-1144
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 138 Irani SR, Pettingill P, Kleopa KA , et al. Morvan syndrome: clinical and serological observations in 29 cases. Ann Neurol 2012; 72 (2) 241-255
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 139 Kimber J, McLean BN, Prevett M, Hammans SR. Allgrove or 4 “A” syndrome: an autosomal recessive syndrome causing multisystem neurological disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003; 74 (5) 654-657
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 140 Dyck PJ, Carney JA, Sizemore GW, Okazaki H, Brimijoin WS, Lambert EH. Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2b: phenotype recognition; neurological features and their pathological basis. Ann Neurol 1979; 6 (4) 302-314
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 141 Thomas PK. Autonomic involvement in inherited neuropathies. Clin Auton Res 1992; 2 (1) 51-56
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 142 Rotthier A, Baets J, Timmerman V, Janssens K. Mechanisms of disease in hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies. Nat Rev Neurol 2012; 8 (2) 73-85
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 143 Maayan C, Kaplan E, Shachar S, Peleg O, Godfrey S. Incidence of familial dysautonomia in Israel 1977-1981. Clin Genet 1987; 32 (2) 106-108
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 144 Axelrod FB, Pearson J. Congenital sensory neuropathies. Diagnostic distinction from familial dysautonomia. Am J Dis Child 1984; 138 (10) 947-954
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 145 Slaugenhaupt SA, Blumenfeld A, Gill SP , et al. Tissue-specific expression of a splicing mutation in the IKBKAP gene causes familial dysautonomia. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 68 (3) 598-605
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 146 Norcliffe-Kaufmann L, Axelrod F, Kaufmann H. Afferent baroreflex failure in familial dysautonomia. Neurology 2010; 75 (21) 1904-1911
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 147 Indo Y. Nerve growth factor and the physiology of pain: lessons from congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis. Clin Genet 2012; 82 (4) 341-350
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 148 Norcliffe-Kaufmann L, Katz SD, Axelrod F, Kaufmann H. Norepinephrine deficiency with normal blood pressure control in congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis. Ann Neurol 2015; 77 (5) 743-752
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 149 Rotthier A, Baets J, De Vriendt E , et al. Genes for hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies: a genotype-phenotype correlation. Brain 2009; 132 (Pt 10) 2699-2711
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 150 Brady RO, Schiffmann R. Clinical features of and recent advances in therapy for Fabry disease. JAMA 2000; 284 (21) 2771-2775
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 151 Burlina AP, Sims KB, Politei JM , et al. Early diagnosis of peripheral nervous system involvement in Fabry disease and treatment of neuropathic pain: the report of an expert panel. BMC Neurol 2011; 11: 61
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 152 Biegstraaten M, van Schaik IN, Wieling W, Wijburg FA, Hollak CE. Autonomic neuropathy in Fabry disease: a prospective study using the Autonomic Symptom Profile and cardiovascular autonomic function tests. BMC Neurol 2010; 10: 38
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 153 Villar JC, León H, Morillo CA. Cardiovascular autonomic function testing in asymptomatic T. cruzi carriers: a sensitive method to identify subclinical Chagas' disease. Int J Cardiol 2004; 93 (2–3) 189-195
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 154 Ribeiro AL, Moraes RS, Ribeiro JP , et al. Parasympathetic dysautonomia precedes left ventricular systolic dysfunction in Chagas disease. Am Heart J 2001; 141 (2) 260-265
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 155 Santos SL, Barcelos IK, Mesquita MA. Total and segmental colonic transit time in constipated patients with Chagas' disease without megaesophagus or megacolon. Braz J Med Biol Res 2000; 33 (1) 43-49
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 156 Sousa AC, Marin-Neto JA, Maciel BC, Gallo Jr L, Amorim DS. Cardiac parasympathetic impairment in gastrointestinal Chagas' disease. Lancet 1987; 1 (8539) 985
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 157 Marin-Neto JA, Maciel BC, Gallo Júnior L, Junqueira Júnior LF, Amorim DS. Effect of parasympathetic impairment on the haemodynamic response to handgrip in Chagas's heart disease. Br Heart J 1986; 55 (2) 204-210
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 158 Merz B, Bigalke H, Stoll G, Naumann M. Botulism type B presenting as pure autonomic dysfunction. Clin Auton Res 2003; 13 (5) 337-338
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 159 Hughes JM, Blumenthal JR, Merson MH, Lombard GL, Dowell Jr VR, Gangarosa EJ. Clinical features of types A and B food-borne botulism. Ann Intern Med 1981; 95 (4) 442-445
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 160 Mittal CM, Wig N, Mishra S, Deepak KK. Heart rate variability in human immunodeficiency virus-positive individuals. Int J Cardiol 2004; 94 (1) 1-6
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 161 Nzuobontane D, Ngu BK, Christopher K. Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in Africans infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J R Soc Med 2002; 95 (9) 445-447
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 162 Freeman R, Roberts MS, Friedman LS, Broadbridge C. Autonomic function and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Neurology 1990; 40 (4) 575-580
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 163 Freeman R. Autonomic peripheral neuropathy. Lancet 2005; 365 (9466) 1259-1270
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 164 Cavaletti G, Cornblath DR, Merkies IS , et al; CI-PeriNomS Group. The chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy outcome measures standardization study: from consensus to the first validity and reliability findings. Ann Oncol 2013; 24 (2) 454-462
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 165 Windebank AJ, Grisold W. Chemotherapy-induced neuropathy. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2008; 13 (1) 27-46
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 166 Miltenburg NC, Boogerd W. Chemotherapy-induced neuropathy: A comprehensive survey. Cancer Treat Rev 2014; 40 (7) 872-882
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 167 Burnett JW, Weinrich D, Williamson JA, Fenner PJ, Lutz LL, Bloom DA. Autonomic neurotoxicity of jellyfish and marine animal venoms. Clin Auton Res 1998; 8 (2) 125-130
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar