Abstract
Primary cancers of the appendix are rare and are frequently diagnosed after surgery
for appendicitis, presumed ovarian primary malignancy, or other indications. Primary
appendix cancers are histologically diverse, and classification of these tumors has
historically been confusing because of the nonstandardized nomenclature that is used.
This review aimed to describe the epidemiology, presentation, workup, staging, and
management of primary appendix cancers using current, recommended nomenclature. For
this purpose, tumors were broadly classified as colonic-type or mucinous adenocarcinoma,
goblet cell adenocarcinoma, or neuroendocrine carcinoma. Signet ring cell carcinoma
was not regarded as an individual entity. The presence of signet ring cells is a histologic
feature that may or may not be present in colonic-type or mucinous adenocarcinoma.
The management of primary appendix cancer is complex and is dependent on the histologic
subtype and extent of disease. Randomized, prospective trials do not exist for these
rare tumors and management is largely guided by retrospective data expert consensus
guidelines, which are summarized here.
Keywords
colonic-type adenocarcinoma - mucinous adenocarcinoma - goblet cell adenocarcinoma
- neuroendocrine carcinoma
