Download PDF
Semin intervent Radiol 2015; 32(04): 398-415
DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1564793
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound: Current Status for Image-Guided Therapy

Alexander Copelan
1   Department of Diagnostic Radiology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan
,
Jason Hartman
2   Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
,
Monzer Chehab
1   Department of Diagnostic Radiology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan
,
Aradhana M. Venkatesan
3   Section of Abdominal Imaging, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
10 November 2015 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Image-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is an innovative therapeutic technology, permitting extracorporeal or endocavitary delivery of targeted thermal ablation while minimizing injury to the surrounding structures. While ultrasound-guided HIFU was the original image-guided system, MR-guided HIFU has many inherent advantages, including superior depiction of anatomic detail and superb real-time thermometry during thermoablation sessions, and it has recently demonstrated promising results in the treatment of both benign and malignant tumors. HIFU has been employed in the management of prostate cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, uterine leiomyomas, and breast tumors, and has been associated with success in limited studies for palliative pain management in pancreatic cancer and bone tumors. Nonthermal HIFU bioeffects, including immune system modulation and targeted drug/gene therapy, are currently being explored in the preclinical realm, with an emphasis on leveraging these therapeutic effects in the care of the oncology patient. Although still in its early stages, the wide spectrum of therapeutic capabilities of HIFU offers great potential in the field of image-guided oncologic therapy.

Keywords

HIFU - interventional oncology - focused ultrasound surgery - image guided - ablation - interventional radiology
 

  • References

  • 1 Lynn JG, Zwemer RL, Chick AJ, Miller AE. A new method for the generation and use of focused ultrasound in experimental biology. J Gen Physiol 1942; 26 (2) 179-193
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Wood RW, Loomis AL. The physical and biological effects of high frequency sound waves of great intensity. Philos Mag and J of Science 1927; 4 (22) 417-436
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Fry WJ, Barnard JW, Fry FJ, Brennan JF. Ultrasonically produced localized selective lesions in the central nervous system. Am J Phys Med 1955; 34 (3) 413-423
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Susani M, Madersbacher S, Kratzik C, Vingers L, Marberger M. Morphology of tissue destruction induced by focused ultrasound. Eur Urol 1993; 23 (Suppl. 01) 34-38
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Madersbacher S, Pedevilla M, Vingers L, Susani M, Marberger M. Effect of high-intensity focused ultrasound on human prostate cancer in vivo. Cancer Res 1995; 55 (15) 3346-3351
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 ter Harr GR. Therapeutic and surgical applications. In: Hill CR, Bamber JC, ter Harr GR, eds. Physical Principles of Medical Ultrasound. 2nd ed. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons; 2004: 407-456
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Kennedy JE, Ter Haar GR, Cranston D. High intensity focused ultrasound: surgery of the future?. Br J Radiol 2003; 76 (909) 590-599
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 ter Haar GR. Ultrasonic biophysics. In: Hill CR, Bamber JC, ter Haar GR, eds. Physical Principles of Medical Ultrasound. 2nd ed. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons; 2004: 348-406
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 9 ter Haar G. Therapeutic applications of ultrasound. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 2007; 93 (1–3) 111-129
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Crocker MJ. Encyclopedia of Acoustics. 1st ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1997
    Google Scholar
  • 11 ter Haar GR. High intensity focused ultrasound for the treatment of tumors. Echocardiography 2001; 18 (4) 317-322
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Tempany CM, McDannold NJ, Hynynen K, Jolesz FA. Focused ultrasound surgery in oncology: overview and principles. Radiology 2011; 259 (1) 39-56
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Dubinsky TJ, Cuevas C, Dighe MK, Kolokythas O, Hwang JH. High-intensity focused ultrasound: current potential and oncologic applications. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2008; 190 (1) 191-199
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Gavrilov LR, Hand JW. Two-dimensional phased arrays for surgery: movement of a single focus. Acoust Phys 2000; 46: 390-399
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Daum DR, Hynynen K. A 256-element ultrasonic phased array system for the treatment of large volumes of deep seated tissue. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 1999; 46 (5) 1254-1268
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 McKenna EC. More Sites and Patients Join Clinical Trial Assessing New MR-Guided FUS System for Prostate Cancer. Focused Ultrasound Foundation; 2011
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Vaezy S, Shi X, Martin RW , et al. Real-time visualization of high-intensity focused ultrasound treatment using ultrasound imaging. Ultrasound Med Biol 2001; 27 (1) 33-42
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Meaney PM, Zhou T, Fanning MW, Geimer SD, Paulsen KD. Microwave thermal imaging of scanned focused ultrasound heating: phantom results. Int J Hyperthermia 2008; 24 (7) 523-536
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Ebbini ES, Yao H, Shrestha A. Dual-mode ultrasound phased arrays for image-guided surgery. Ultrason Imaging 2006; 28 (2) 65-82
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Straube WL, Arthur RM. Theoretical estimation of the temperature dependence of backscattered ultrasonic power for noninvasive thermometry. Ultrasound Med Biol 1994; 20 (9) 915-922
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Jensen CR, Ritchie RW, Gyöngy M, Collin JR, Leslie T, Coussios CC. Spatiotemporal monitoring of high-intensity focused ultrasound therapy with passive acoustic mapping. Radiology 2012; 262 (1) 252-261
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Jolesz FA, Hynynen K. Magnetic resonance image-guided focused ultrasound surgery. Cancer J 2002; 8 (Suppl. 01) S100-S112
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Rieke V, Butts Pauly K. MR thermometry. J Magn Reson Imaging 2008; 27 (2) 376-390
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Hindman JC. Proton resonance shift of water in the gas and liquid states. J Chem Phys 1966; 44: 4582-4592
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Hynynen K, McDannold N. MRI-guided focused ultrasound for local tissue ablation and other image-guided interventions. In: Wu J, Nyborg WL, eds. Emerging Therapeutic Ultrasound. 1st ed. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing; 2006: 167-218
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Kaye EA, Chen J, Pauly KB. Rapid MR-ARFI method for focal spot localization during focused ultrasound therapy. Magn Reson Med 2011; 65 (3) 738-743
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Todd N, Diakite M, Payne A, Parker DL. In vivo evaluation of multi-echo hybrid PRF/T1 approach for temperature monitoring during breast MR-guided focused ultrasound surgery treatments. Magn Reson Med 2014; 72 (3) 793-799
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Wu F, Wang ZB, Chen WZ , et al. Extracorporeal high intensity focused ultrasound ablation in the treatment of 1038 patients with solid carcinomas in China: an overview. Ultrason Sonochem 2004; 11 (3–4) 149-154
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Shehata IA. Treatment with high intensity focused ultrasound: secrets revealed. Eur J Radiol 2012; 81 (3) 534-541
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Gardner TA, Koch MO. Prostate cancer therapy with high-intensity focused ultrasound. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2005; 4 (3) 187-192
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Tempany CM, Stewart EA, McDannold N, Quade BJ, Jolesz FA, Hynynen K. MR imaging-guided focused ultrasound surgery of uterine leiomyomas: a feasibility study. Radiology 2003; 226 (3) 897-905
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 McDannold N, Tempany CM, Fennessy FM , et al. Uterine leiomyomas: MR imaging-based thermometry and thermal dosimetry during focused ultrasound thermal ablation. Radiology 2006; 240 (1) 263-272
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Enholm JK, Köhler MO, Quesson B, Mougenot C, Moonen CT, Sokka SD. Improved volumetric MR-HIFU ablation by robust binary feedback control. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2010; 57 (1) 103-113
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Daum DR, Hynynen K. Thermal dose optimization via temporal switching in ultrasound surgery. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 1998; 45 (1) 208-215
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Fan X, Hynynen K. Control of the necrosed tissue volume during noninvasive ultrasound surgery using a 16-element phased array. Med Phys 1995; 22 (3) 297-306
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Liu HL, Lin WL, Chen YY. A fast and conformal heating scheme for producing large thermal lesions using a 2D ultrasound phased array. Int J Hyperthermia 2007; 23 (1) 69-82
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 McDannold NJ, King RL, Jolesz FA, Hynynen KH. Usefulness of MR imaging-derived thermometry and dosimetry in determining the threshold for tissue damage induced by thermal surgery in rabbits. Radiology 2000; 216 (2) 517-523
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Mougenot C, Quesson B, de Senneville BD , et al. Three-dimensional spatial and temporal temperature control with MR thermometry-guided focused ultrasound (MRgHIFU). Magn Reson Med 2009; 61 (3) 603-614
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Mougenot C, Salomir R, Palussière J, Grenier N, Moonen CT. Automatic spatial and temporal temperature control for MR-guided focused ultrasound using fast 3D MR thermometry and multispiral trajectory of the focal point. Magn Reson Med 2004; 52 (5) 1005-1015
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Arora D, Minor MA, Skliar M, Roemer RB. Control of thermal therapies with moving power deposition field. Phys Med Biol 2006; 51 (5) 1201-1219
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Vanne A, Hynynen K. MRI feedback temperature control for focused ultrasound surgery. Phys Med Biol 2003; 48 (1) 31-43
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Köhler MO, Mougenot C, Quesson B , et al. Volumetric HIFU ablation under 3D guidance of rapid MRI thermometry. Med Phys 2009; 36 (8) 3521-3535
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Venkatesan AM, Partanen A, Pulanic TK , et al. Magnetic resonance imaging-guided volumetric ablation of symptomatic leiomyomata: correlation of imaging with histology. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2012; 23 (6) 786-794.e4
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2015. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society; 2015
    Google Scholar
  • 45 Epstein JI, Walsh PC, Carmichael M, Brendler CB. Pathologic and clinical findings to predict tumor extent of nonpalpable (stage T1c) prostate cancer. JAMA 1994; 271 (5) 368-374
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Carter HB, Sauvageot J, Walsh PC, Epstein JI. Prospective evaluation of men with stage T1C adenocarcinoma of the prostate. J Urol 1997; 157 (6) 2206-2209
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Miller DC, Sanda MG, Dunn RL , et al. Long-term outcomes among localized prostate cancer survivors: health-related quality-of-life changes after radical prostatectomy, external radiation, and brachytherapy. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23 (12) 2772-2780
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Blana A, Rogenhofer S, Ganzer R , et al. Eight years' experience with high-intensity focused ultrasonography for treatment of localized prostate cancer. Urology 2008; 72 (6) 1329-1333 , discussion 1333–1334
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Ahmed HU, Hindley RG, Dickinson L , et al. Focal therapy for localised unifocal and multifocal prostate cancer: a prospective development study. Lancet Oncol 2012; 13 (6) 622-632
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Napoli A, Anzidei M, Ciolina F , et al. MR-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound: current status of an emerging technology. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2013; 36 (5) 1190-1203
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Zacharakis E, Ahmed HU, Ishaq A , et al. The feasibility and safety of high-intensity focused ultrasound as salvage therapy for recurrent prostate cancer following external beam radiotherapy. BJU Int 2008; 102 (7) 786-792
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Uchida T, Shoji S, Nakano M , et al. High-intensity focused ultrasound as salvage therapy for patients with recurrent prostate cancer after external beam radiation, brachytherapy or proton therapy. BJU Int 2011; 107 (3) 378-382
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Han M, Partin AW, Zahurak M, Piantadosi S, Epstein JI, Walsh PC. Biochemical (prostate specific antigen) recurrence probability following radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer. J Urol 2003; 169 (2) 517-523
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Hayashi M, Shinmei S, Asano K. Transrectal high-intensity focused ultrasound for treatment for patients with biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy. Int J Urol 2007; 14 (11) 1048-1050
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Murota-Kawano A, Nakano M, Hongo S, Shoji S, Nagata Y, Uchida T. Salvage high-intensity focused ultrasound for biopsy-confirmed local recurrence of prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. BJU Int 2010; 105 (12) 1642-1645
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Tsakiris P, Thüroff S, de la Rosette J, Chaussy C. Transrectal high-intensity focused ultrasound devices: a critical appraisal of the available evidence. J Endourol 2008; 22 (2) 221-229
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Lee HM, Hong JH, Choi HY. High-intensity focused ultrasound therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2006; 9 (4) 439-443
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Blana A, Walter B, Rogenhofer S, Wieland WF. High-intensity focused ultrasound for the treatment of localized prostate cancer: 5-year experience. Urology 2004; 63 (2) 297-300
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Vallancien G, Prapotnich D, Cathelineau X, Baumert H, Rozet F. Transrectal focused ultrasound combined with transurethral resection of the prostate for the treatment of localized prostate cancer: feasibility study. J Urol 2004; 171 (6, Pt 1): 2265-2267
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Baird DD, Dunson DB, Hill MC, Cousins D, Schectman JM. High cumulative incidence of uterine leiomyoma in black and white women: ultrasound evidence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188 (1) 100-107
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Borah BJ, Nicholson WK, Bradley L, Stewart EA. The impact of uterine leiomyomas: a national survey of affected women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 209 (4) 319.e1-319.e20
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Harding G, Coyne KS, Thompson CL, Spies JB. The responsiveness of the uterine fibroid symptom and health-related quality of life questionnaire (UFS-QOL). Health Qual Life Outcomes 2008; 6: 99
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Dobrotwir A, Pun E. Clinical 24 month experience of the first MRgFUS unit for treatment of uterine fibroids in Australia. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2012; 56 (4) 409-416
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Coakley FV, Foster BR, Farsad K , et al. Pelvic applications of MR-guided high intensity focused ultrasound. Abdom Imaging 2013; 38 (5) 1120-1129
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Rabinovici J, David M, Fukunishi H, Morita Y, Gostout BS, Stewart EA ; MRgFUS Study Group. Pregnancy outcome after magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound surgery (MRgFUS) for conservative treatment of uterine fibroids. Fertil Steril 2010; 93 (1) 199-209
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Behera MA, Leong M, Johnson L, Brown H. Eligibility and accessibility of magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) for the treatment of uterine leiomyomas. Fertil Steril 2010; 94 (5) 1864-1868
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Kim YS, Kim JH, Rhim H , et al. Volumetric MR-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation with a one-layer strategy to treat large uterine fibroids: initial clinical outcomes. Radiology 2012; 263 (2) 600-609
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Lénárd ZM, McDannold NJ, Fennessy FM , et al. Uterine leiomyomas: MR imaging-guided focused ultrasound surgery—imaging predictors of success. Radiology 2008; 249 (1) 187-194
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Stewart EA, Rabinovici J, Tempany CM , et al. Clinical outcomes of focused ultrasound surgery for the treatment of uterine fibroids. Fertil Steril 2006; 85 (1) 22-29
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Stewart EA, Gostout B, Rabinovici J, Kim HS, Regan L, Tempany CM. Sustained relief of leiomyoma symptoms by using focused ultrasound surgery. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 110 (2, Pt 1): 279-287
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Funaki K, Fukunishi H, Sawada K. Clinical outcomes of magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound surgery for uterine myomas: 24-month follow-up. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2009; 34 (5) 584-589
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Hindley J, Gedroyc WM, Regan L , et al. MRI guidance of focused ultrasound therapy of uterine fibroids: early results. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004; 183 (6) 1713-1719
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Yoo EH, Lee PI, Huh CY , et al. Predictors of leiomyoma recurrence after laparoscopic myomectomy. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2007; 14 (6) 690-697
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Hanafi M. Predictors of leiomyoma recurrence after myomectomy. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 105 (4) 877-881
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Lethaby A, Vollenhoven B, Sowter M. Efficacy of pre-operative gonadotrophin hormone releasing analogues for women with uterine fibroids undergoing hysterectomy or myomectomy: a systematic review. BJOG 2002; 109 (10) 1097-1108
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Weeks AD, Wilkinson N, Arora DS, Duffy SR, Wells M, Walker JJ. Menopausal changes in the myometrium: an investigation using a GnRH agonist model. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1999; 18 (3) 226-232
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Rutgers JL, Spong CY, Sinow R, Heiner J. Leuprolide acetate treatment and myoma arterial size. Obstet Gynecol 1995; 86 (3) 386-388
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Smart OC, Hindley JT, Regan L, Gedroyc WG. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone and magnetic-resonance-guided ultrasound surgery for uterine leiomyomata. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108 (1) 49-54
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Ren XL, Zhou XD, Yan RL , et al. Sonographically guided extracorporeal ablation of uterine fibroids with high-intensity focused ultrasound: midterm results. J Ultrasound Med 2009; 28 (1) 100-103
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Rabinovici J, Stewart EA. New interventional techniques for adenomyosis. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2006; 20 (4) 617-636
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Fukunishi H, Funaki K, Sawada K, Yamaguchi K, Maeda T, Kaji Y. Early results of magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound surgery of adenomyosis: analysis of 20 cases. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2008; 15 (5) 571-579
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Dong X, Yang Z. High-intensity focused ultrasound ablation of uterine localized adenomyosis. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2010; 22 (4) 326-330
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Fan ST. Surgical therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma in the cirrhotic liver. Swiss Surg 1999; 5 (3) 107-110
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Cheung TT, Chu FS, Jenkins CR , et al. Tolerance of high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Surg 2012; 36 (10) 2420-2427
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Quesson B, Merle M, Köhler MO , et al. A method for MRI guidance of intercostal high intensity focused ultrasound ablation in the liver. Med Phys 2010; 37 (6) 2533-2540
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Xu G, Luo G, He L , et al. Follow-up of high-intensity focused ultrasound treatment for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Ultrasound Med Biol 2011; 37 (12) 1993-1999
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Ng KK, Poon RT, Chan SC , et al. High-intensity focused ultrasound for hepatocellular carcinoma: a single-center experience. Ann Surg 2011; 253 (5) 981-987
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Chan AC, Cheung TT, Fan ST , et al. Survival analysis of high-intensity focused ultrasound therapy versus radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg 2013; 257 (4) 686-692
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Wu F, Wang ZB, Chen WZ , et al. Extracorporeal high intensity focused ultrasound ablation in the treatment of patients with large hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2004; 11 (12) 1061-1069
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Jin CB, Wu F, Wang ZB, Chen WZ, Zhu H. High intensity focused ultrasound therapy combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma [in Chinese]. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 2003; 25 (4) 401-403
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Li C, Zhang W, Zhang R, Zhang L, Wu P, Zhang F. Therapeutic effects and prognostic factors in high-intensity focused ultrasound combined with chemoembolisation for larger hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46 (13) 2513-2521
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Vogl TJ, Naguib NN, Nour-Eldin NE , et al. Review on transarterial chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma: palliative, combined, neoadjuvant, bridging, and symptomatic indications. Eur J Radiol 2009; 72 (3) 505-516
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Cheung TT, Fan ST, Chan SC , et al. High-intensity focused ultrasound ablation: an effective bridging therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma patients. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19 (20) 3083-3089
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Zhang L, Zhu H, Jin C , et al. High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU): effective and safe therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma adjacent to major hepatic veins. Eur Radiol 2009; 19 (2) 437-445
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Jung SE, Cho SH, Jang JH, Han JY. High-intensity focused ultrasound ablation in hepatic and pancreatic cancer: complications. Abdom Imaging 2011; 36 (2) 185-195
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Siegel R, DeSantis C, Virgo K , et al. Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin 2012; 62 (4) 220-241
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Wu F, Wang ZB, Zhu H , et al. Feasibility of US-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound treatment in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer: initial experience. Radiology 2005; 236 (3) 1034-1040
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Orsi F, Zhang L, Arnone P , et al. High-intensity focused ultrasound ablation: effective and safe therapy for solid tumors in difficult locations. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010; 195 (3) W245-52
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Wang K, Chen Z, Meng Z , et al. Analgesic effect of high intensity focused ultrasound therapy for unresectable pancreatic cancer. Int J Hyperthermia 2011; 27 (2) 101-107
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Sung HY, Jung SE, Cho SH , et al. Long-term outcome of high-intensity focused ultrasound in advanced pancreatic cancer. Pancreas 2011; 40 (7) 1080-1086
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Wang K, Zhu H, Meng Z , et al. Safety evaluation of high-intensity focused ultrasound in patients with pancreatic cancer. Onkologie 2013; 36 (3) 88-92
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Zhao H, Yang G, Wang D , et al. Concurrent gemcitabine and high-intensity focused ultrasound therapy in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Anticancer Drugs 2010; 21 (4) 447-452
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Gao HF, Wang K, Meng ZQ , et al. High intensity focused ultrasound treatment for patients with local advanced pancreatic cancer. Hepatogastroenterology 2013; 60 (128) 1906-1910
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Nabi G, Goodman C, Melzer A. High intensity focused ultrasound treatment of small renal masses: Clinical effectiveness and technological advances. Indian J Urol 2010; 26 (3) 331-337
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Wu F, Wang ZB, Chen WZ, Bai J, Zhu H, Qiao TY. Preliminary experience using high intensity focused ultrasound for the treatment of patients with advanced stage renal malignancy. J Urol 2003; 170 (6, Pt 1): 2237-2240
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Illing RO, Kennedy JE, Wu F , et al. The safety and feasibility of extracorporeal high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) for the treatment of liver and kidney tumours in a Western population. Br J Cancer 2005; 93 (8) 890-895
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Häcker A, Michel MS, Marlinghaus E, Köhrmann KU, Alken P. Extracorporeally induced ablation of renal tissue by high-intensity focused ultrasound. BJU Int 2006; 97 (4) 779-785
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Marberger M, Schatzl G, Cranston D, Kennedy JE. Extracorporeal ablation of renal tumours with high-intensity focused ultrasound. BJU Int 2005; 95 (Suppl. 02) 52-55
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Klingler HC, Susani M, Seip R, Mauermann J, Sanghvi N, Marberger MJ. A novel approach to energy ablative therapy of small renal tumours: laparoscopic high-intensity focused ultrasound. Eur Urol 2008; 53 (4) 810-816 , discussion 817–818
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 Ritchie RW, Leslie TA, Turner GD , et al. Laparoscopic high-intensity focused ultrasound for renal tumours: a proof of concept study. BJU Int 2011; 107 (8) 1290-1296
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 111 Hynynen K, Pomeroy O, Smith DN , et al. MR imaging-guided focused ultrasound surgery of fibroadenomas in the breast: a feasibility study. Radiology 2001; 219 (1) 176-185
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 112 Wu F, Wang ZB, Cao YD , et al. A randomised clinical trial of high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation for the treatment of patients with localised breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2003; 89 (12) 2227-2233
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 113 Furusawa H, Namba K, Thomsen S , et al. Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound surgery of breast cancer: reliability and effectiveness. J Am Coll Surg 2006; 203 (1) 54-63
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 114 Furusawa H, Namba K, Nakahara H , et al. The evolving non-surgical ablation of breast cancer: MR guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS). Breast Cancer 2007; 14 (1) 55-58
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 115 Gianfelice D, Khiat A, Amara M, Belblidia A, Boulanger Y. MR imaging-guided focused ultrasound surgery of breast cancer: correlation of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI with histopathologic findings. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2003; 82 (2) 93-101
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 116 Wu F, Wang ZB, Zhu H , et al. Extracorporeal high intensity focused ultrasound treatment for patients with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2005; 92 (1) 51-60
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 117 Zhu J, Zhu H, Mei Z , et al. High-intensity focused ultrasound ablation for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma and hypersplenism: preliminary study. J Ultrasound Med 2013; 32 (10) 1855-1862
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 118 Dalecki D. Mechanical bioeffects of ultrasound. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2004; 6: 229-248
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 119 Clement GT. Perspectives in clinical uses of high-intensity focused ultrasound. Ultrasonics 2004; 42 (10) 1087-1093
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 120 Yu T, Wang G, Hu K, Ma P, Bai J, Wang Z. A microbubble agent improves the therapeutic efficiency of high intensity focused ultrasound: a rabbit kidney study. Urol Res 2004; 32 (1) 14-19
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 121 Kaneko Y, Maruyama T, Takegami K , et al. Use of a microbubble agent to increase the effects of high intensity focused ultrasound on liver tissue. Eur Radiol 2005; 15 (7) 1415-1420
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 122 Hanajiri K, Maruyama T, Kaneko Y , et al. Microbubble-induced increase in ablation of liver tumors by high-intensity focused ultrasound. Hepatol Res 2006; 36 (4) 308-314
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 123 Hynynen KH. Fundamental principles of therapeutic ultrasound. In: Jolesz FA, Hynynen KH, eds. MRI-Guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery. 1st ed. New York, NY: Informa Healthcare USA Inc.; 2008: 5-18
    Google Scholar
  • 124 Partanen A, Yarmolenko PS, Viitala A , et al. Mild hyperthermia with magnetic resonance-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound for applications in drug delivery. . Int J Hyperthermia 2012; 28 (4) 320-336
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 125 Dromi S, Frenkel V, Luk A , et al. Pulsed-high intensity focused ultrasound and low temperature-sensitive liposomes for enhanced targeted drug delivery and antitumor effect. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13 (9) 2722-2727
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 126 Khokhlova TD, Wang YN, Simon JC , et al. Ultrasound-guided tissue fractionation by high intensity focused ultrasound in an in vivo porcine liver model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111 (22) 8161-8166
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 127 Wu F. High intensity focused ultrasound ablation and antitumor immune response. J Acoust Soc Am 2013; 134 (2) 1695-1701
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 128 Zhou Q, Zhu XQ, Zhang J, Xu ZL, Lu P, Wu F. Changes in circulating immunosuppressive cytokine levels of cancer patients after high intensity focused ultrasound treatment. Ultrasound Med Biol 2008; 34 (1) 81-87
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 129 Lu P, Zhu XQ, Xu ZL, Zhou Q, Zhang J, Wu F. Increased infiltration of activated tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes after high intensity focused ultrasound ablation of human breast cancer. Surgery 2009; 145 (3) 286-293
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 130 Etame AB, Diaz RJ, Smith CA, Mainprize TG, Hynynen K, Rutka JT. Focused ultrasound disruption of the blood-brain barrier: a new frontier for therapeutic delivery in molecular neurooncology. Neurosurg Focus 2012; 32 (1) E3
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 131 Staruch RM, Ganguly M, Tannock IF, Hynynen K, Chopra R. Enhanced drug delivery in rabbit VX2 tumours using thermosensitive liposomes and MRI-controlled focused ultrasound hyperthermia. Int J Hyperthermia 2012; 28 (8) 776-787
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 132 Staruch R, Chopra R, Hynynen K. Localised drug release using MRI-controlled focused ultrasound hyperthermia. Int J Hyperthermia Group 2011; 27 (2) 156-171
    PubMedGoogle Scholar