Clin Colon Rectal Surg 2016; 29(01): 022-029
DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1568144
Review Article
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Review of Hemorrhoid Disease: Presentation and Management

Zhifei Sun
1   Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
,
John Migaly
1   Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
› Institutsangaben
Weitere Informationen

Publikationsverlauf

Publikationsdatum:
16. Februar 2016 (online)

Abstract

Symptomatic hemorrhoid disease is one of the most prevalent ailments associated with significant impact on quality of life. Management options for hemorrhoid disease are diverse, ranging from conservative measures to a variety of office and operating-room procedures. In this review, the authors will discuss the anatomy, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management of hemorrhoid disease.

 
  • References

  • 1 Everhart JE, Ruhl CE. Burden of digestive diseases in the United States part I: overall and upper gastrointestinal diseases. Gastroenterology 2009; 136 (2) 376-386
  • 2 Johanson JF, Sonnenberg A. The prevalence of hemorrhoids and chronic constipation. An epidemiologic study. Gastroenterology 1990; 98 (2) 380-386
  • 3 Shafik A. Surgical anatomy of hemorrhoids. Surgical Treatment of Hemorrhoids. London: Springer; 2009: 7-13
  • 4 Banov Jr L, Knoepp Jr LF, Erdman LH, Alia RT. Management of hemorrhoidal disease. J S C Med Assoc 1985; 81 (7) 398-401
  • 5 Goenka MK, Kochhar R, Nagi B, Mehta SK. Rectosigmoid varices and other mucosal changes in patients with portal hypertension. Am J Gastroenterol 1991; 86 (9) 1185-1189
  • 6 Thomson WH. The nature of haemorrhoids. Br J Surg 1975; 62 (7) 542-552
  • 7 Morgado PJ, Suárez JA, Gómez LG, Morgado Jr PJ. Histoclinical basis for a new classification of hemorrhoidal disease. Dis Colon Rectum 1988; 31 (6) 474-480
  • 8 Riss S, Weiser FA, Schwameis K , et al. The prevalence of hemorrhoids in adults. Int J Colorectal Dis 2012; 27 (2) 215-220
  • 9 Alonso-Coello P, Mills E, Heels-Ansdell D , et al. Fiber for the treatment of hemorrhoids complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101 (1) 181-188
  • 10 Tjandra JJ, Tan JJ, Lim JF, Murray-Green C, Kennedy ML, Lubowski DZ. Rectogesic (glyceryl trinitrate 0.2%) ointment relieves symptoms of haemorrhoids associated with high resting anal canal pressures. Colorectal Dis 2007; 9 (5) 457-463
  • 11 Sneider EB, Maykel JA. Diagnosis and management of symptomatic hemorrhoids. Surg Clin North Am 2010; 90 (1) 17-32
  • 12 Iyer VS, Shrier I, Gordon PH. Long-term outcome of rubber band ligation for symptomatic primary and recurrent internal hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum 2004; 47 (8) 1364-1370
  • 13 Buchmann P, Seefeld U. Rubber band ligation for piles can be disastrous in HIV-positive patients. Int J Colorectal Dis 1989; 4 (1) 57-58
  • 14 Nelson RS, Ewing BM, Ternent C, Shashidharan M, Blatchford GJ, Thorson AG. Risk of late bleeding following hemorrhoidal banding in patients on antithrombotic prophylaxis. Am J Surg 2008; 196 (6) 994-999 , discussion 999
  • 15 Barwell J, Watkins RM, Lloyd-Davies E, Wilkins DC. Life-threatening retroperitoneal sepsis after hemorrhoid injection sclerotherapy: report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum 1999; 42 (3) 421-423
  • 16 MacRae HM, McLeod RS. Comparison of hemorrhoidal treatment modalities. A meta-analysis. Dis Colon Rectum 1995; 38 (7) 687-694
  • 17 Aigner F, Gruber H, Conrad F , et al. Revised morphology and hemodynamics of the anorectal vascular plexus: impact on the course of hemorrhoidal disease. Int J Colorectal Dis 2009; 24 (1) 105-113
  • 18 Greenspon J, Williams SB, Young HA, Orkin BA. Thrombosed external hemorrhoids: outcome after conservative or surgical management. Dis Colon Rectum 2004; 47 (9) 1493-1498
  • 19 Pattana-arun J, Wesarachawit W, Tantiphlachiva K, Atithansakul P, Sahakitrungruang C, Rojanasakul A. A comparison of early postoperative results between urgent closed hemorrhoidectomy for prolapsed thrombosed hemorrhoids and elective closed hemorrhoidectomy. J Med Assoc Thai 2009; 92 (12) 1610-1615
  • 20 Wesarachawit W, Pattana-arun J. Antibiotics and early post operative complications of closed hemorrhoidectomy: a retrospective matched pair study. J Med Assoc Thai 2007; 90 (9) 1828-1832
  • 21 Nienhuijs S, de Hingh I. Conventional versus LigaSure hemorrhoidectomy for patients with symptomatic Hemorrhoids. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; (1) CD006761
  • 22 Bleday R, Pena JP, Rothenberger DA, Goldberg SM, Buls JG. Symptomatic hemorrhoids: current incidence and complications of operative therapy. Dis Colon Rectum 1992; 35 (5) 477-481
  • 23 Hoff SD, Bailey HR, Butts DR , et al. Ambulatory surgical hemorrhoidectomy—a solution to postoperative urinary retention?. Dis Colon Rectum 1994; 37 (12) 1242-1244
  • 24 Gravié JF, Lehur PA, Huten N , et al. Stapled hemorrhoidopexy versus Milligan–Morgan hemorrhoidectomy: a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial with 2-year postoperative follow up. Ann Surg 2005; 242 (1) 29-35
  • 25 Reis Neto JA, Quilici FA, Cordeiro F, Reis Júnior JA. Open versus semi-open hemorrhoidectomy: a random trial. Int Surg 1992; 77 (2) 84-90
  • 26 Giordano P, Gravante G, Sorge R, Ovens L, Nastro P. Long-term outcomes of stapled hemorrhoidopexy vs conventional hemorrhoidectomy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Surg 2009; 144 (3) 266-272
  • 27 Jayaraman S, Colquhoun PH, Malthaner RA. Stapled versus conventional surgery for hemorrhoids. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; (4) CD005393
  • 28 Nisar PJ, Acheson AG, Neal KR, Scholefield JH. Stapled hemorrhoidopexy compared with conventional hemorrhoidectomy: systematic review of randomized, controlled trials. Dis Colon Rectum 2004; 47 (11) 1837-1845
  • 29 Nyström PO, Qvist N, Raahave D, Lindsey I, Mortensen N ; Stapled or Open Pile Procedure (STOPP) trial study group. Randomized clinical trial of symptom control after stapled anopexy or diathermy excision for haemorrhoid prolapse. Br J Surg 2010; 97 (2) 167-176
  • 30 Morinaga K, Hasuda K, Ikeda T. A novel therapy for internal hemorrhoids: ligation of the hemorrhoidal artery with a newly devised instrument (Moricorn) in conjunction with a Doppler flowmeter. Am J Gastroenterol 1995; 90 (4) 610-613
  • 31 Giordano P, Overton J, Madeddu F, Zaman S, Gravante G. Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization: a systematic review. Dis Colon Rectum 2009; 52 (9) 1665-1671
  • 32 De Nardi P, Capretti G, Corsaro A, Staudacher C. A prospective, randomized trial comparing the short- and long-term results of Doppler-guided transanal hemorrhoid dearterialization with mucopexy versus excision hemorrhoidectomy for grade III hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum 2014; 57 (3) 348-353
  • 33 Denoya PI, Fakhoury M, Chang K, Fakhoury J, Bergamaschi R. Dearterialization with mucopexy versus haemorrhoidectomy for grade III or IV haemorrhoids: short-term results of a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Colorectal Dis 2013; 15 (10) 1281-1288
  • 34 Elmér SE, Nygren JO, Lenander CE. A randomized trial of transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization with anopexy compared with open hemorrhoidectomy in the treatment of hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum 2013; 56 (4) 484-490
  • 35 Wolkomir AF, Luchtefeld MA. Surgery for symptomatic hemorrhoids and anal fissures in Crohn's disease. Dis Colon Rectum 1993; 36 (6) 545-547
  • 36 Morandi E, Merlini D, Salvaggio A, Foschi D, Trabucchi E. Prospective study of healing time after hemorrhoidectomy: influence of HIV infection, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and anal wound infection. Dis Colon Rectum 1999; 42 (9) 1140-1144
  • 37 Scaglia M, Delaini GG, Destefano I, Hultén L. Injection treatment of hemorrhoids in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Dis Colon Rectum 2001; 44 (3) 401-404
  • 38 Wexner SD, Smithy WB, Milsom JW, Dailey TH. The surgical management of anorectal diseases in AIDS and pre-AIDS patients. Dis Colon Rectum 1986; 29 (11) 719-723
  • 39 Hosking SW, Smart HL, Johnson AG, Triger DR. Anorectal varices, haemorrhoids, and portal hypertension. Lancet 1989; 1 (8634) 349-352
  • 40 Johansen K, Bardin J, Orloff MJ. Massive bleeding from hemorrhoidal varices in portal hypertension. JAMA 1980; 244 (18) 2084-2085