Abstract
Background Evidence indicates that homeopathic medicines are complex self-organizing nano-scale
systems that generate unique low-intensity electromagnetic signals and/or quantum
coherence domains. In Part 1, we reviewed relevant concepts from complex adaptive
systems science on living systems for the nature of homeopathic healing.
Aim In Part 2, we discuss the complex-system nature of homeopathic medicines. The aim
is to relate the evidence on the nature and properties of homeopathic medicines to
the complex systems model for homeopathic healing.
Methods and Results The work is a narrative review, with complexity model development for the nature
of homeopathic medicines. Studies suggest that homeopathic manufacturing generates
nano-structures of source material, silica and silicon quantum dots if succussed in
glassware or including botanical source materials; or carbon quantum dots if succussed
in plastic or including any organic source materials, as well as solute-induced water
nano-structures carrying medicine-specific information. On contact with physiological
fluids (e.g., blood plasma), there is evidence that nano-structures additionally adsorb
individualized patterns of the recipient's own proteins on to their surfaces to create
a unique protein corona coat (shell). Thus, the simillimum may generate a personalized
biological identity upon administration. Consequently, a medicine can serve as an
individually salient, self-similar information carrier, whose protein corona constituent
pattern reflects the individual's current internal state of health/disease. Homeopathic
medicine complexity emerges from interactions of the component parts from source,
silica from glassware or carbon from plastic containers, solvents (lactose, water,
ethanol), adsorbed biomolecule layers from plant or animal sources, and adsorbed biomolecules
of the recipient. Low doses of these complex medicines can act as biological signaling
agents to initiate hormesis via a network-wide pattern of adaptive responses by the
recipient complex adaptive system, rather than as conventional pharmaceutical drugs.
Biological mediators of adaptive responses include inter-connected network elements
of the cell danger/damage defense system: for example, gene expression, reactive oxygen
species, heat shock proteins, cytokines, macrophages, T-cells, and associated brain–immune
system mediator pathways.
Conclusions Every homeopathic medicine is a complex nano-scale system involving multiple inter-connected,
interacting components, and emergent properties. Simillimum individualization derives
from formation of a unique personalized protein corona shell adsorbed to the reactive
surface of the homeopathic nano-structures on contact with the recipient's body fluids.
Low doses of such complex nano-structures initiate the adaptive processes of hormesis
to mobilize endogenous healing of a disease state. The capacity for self-organization
and self-similarity in complex systems is the key to future research on the nature
of homeopathic medicines and systemic healing during individualized homeopathic treatment.
Keywords homeopathy - complex systems - nanostructure - protein corona - biological identity
