PDF herunterladen
Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2021; 69(01): 002-007
DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1700886
Review Article

The Way to Man's Heart Is through the Stomach

Rebecca Grossman 
1   Department of General Surgery, Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham, United Kingdom
,
Rohin Francis
2   The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
› Institutsangaben
› Weitere Informationen
   Lizenzen und Reprints Alle Artikel dieser Rubrik

Abstract

Organ systems do not exist in a vacuum. However, in an era of increasingly specialized medicine, the focus is often on the organ system alone. Many symptoms are associated with differential diagnoses from upper gastrointestinal (GI) and cardiovascular medical and surgical specialties. Furthermore, a large number of rare but deadly conditions cross paths between the upper GI tract and cardiovascular system; a significant proportion of these are iatrogenic injuries from a parallel specialty. These include unusual fistulae, herniae, and embolisms that transcend specialties. This review highlights these conditions and the shared anatomy and embryology of the two organ systems.

Keyword

anatomy - aneurysm - aorta/aortic - cardiac - esophageal surgery


Publikationsverlauf

Eingereicht: 10. Juli 2019

Angenommen: 17. September 2019

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
22. November 2019

© 2019. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany

 

  • References

  • 1 Kloesel B, DiNardo JA, Body SC. Cardiac embryology and molecular mechanisms of congenital heart disease – a primer for anesthesiologists. Anesth Analg 2016; 123 (03) 551-569
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Moorman A, Webb S, Brown NA, Lamers W, Anderson RH. Development of the heart: (1) formation of the cardiac chambers and arterial trunks. Heart 2003; 89 (07) 806-814
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Wright VM, Walker-Smither JA. Congenital abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract. In: Warrell DA, Cox TM, Firth JD. eds. Oxford Textbook of Medicine. Vol 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2010: 2395
    Google Scholar
  • 4 Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AMR. Clinically Oriented Anatomy. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014
    Google Scholar
  • 5 Morris T. The Matter of the Heart. London: Bodley Head; 2017
    Google Scholar
  • 6 O'Shaughnessy L. An experimental method of providing a collateral circulation to the heart. Br J Surg 1936; 23 (91) 665-670
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Manisty C, Hughes-Roberts Y, Kaddoura S. Cardiac manifestations and sequelae of gastrointestinal disorders. Br J Cardiol 2009; 16: 175-180
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Smith KS, Papp C. Episodic, postural, and linked angina. BMJ 1962; 2 (5317): 1425-1430
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Serebro HA. The prognostic significance of the viscerocardiac reflex phenomenon. S Afr Med J 1976; 50 (20) 769-772
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Manfrini O, Bazzocchi G, Luati A, Borghi A, Monari P, Bugiardini R. Coronary spasm reflects inputs from adjacent esophageal system. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 290 (05) H2085-H2091
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Arif H, Aggarwal S. Salicylic Acid (Aspirin). In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2018
    Google Scholar
  • 12 Perk J, De Backer G, Gohlke H. et al; European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR); ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG). European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012). The Fifth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Eur Heart J 2012; 33 (13) 1635-1701
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Sørensen HT, Mellemkjaer L, Blot WJ. et al. Risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding associated with use of low-dose aspirin. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95 (09) 2218-2224
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Shah NH, LePendu P, Bauer-Mehren A. et al. Proton pump inhibitor usage and the risk of myocardial infarction in the general population. PLoS One 2015; 10 (06) e0124653
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Hoolwerf EW, Kraaijpoel N, Büller HR, van Es N. Direct oral anticoagulants in patients with liver cirrhosis: a systematic review. Thromb Res 2018; 170: 102-108
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Filimon AM, Negreanu L, Doca M, Ciobanu A, Preda CM, Vinereanu D. Cardiovascular involvement in inflammatory bowel disease: dangerous liaisons. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21 (33) 9688-9692
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Pattanshetty DJ, Anna K, Gajulapalli RD, Sappati-Biyyani RR. Inflammatory bowel “cardiac” disease: point prevalence of atrial fibrillation in inflammatory bowel disease population. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2015; 21 (05) 325-329
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Kristensen SL, Ahlehoff O, Lindhardsen J. et al. Disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease is associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction, stroke and cardiovascular death--a Danish nationwide cohort study. PLoS One 2013; 8 (02) e56944
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Taddio A, Maschio M, Martelossi S, Barbi E, Ventura A. Crohn's disease and Takayasu's arteritis: an uncommon association. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19 (35) 5933-5935
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Sapru RP, Griffiths PH, Guz A, Eisele J. Syncope on swallowing. Br Heart J 1971; 33 (04) 617-622
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Jervell O, Lødøen O. The gastrocardiac syndrome. Acta Med Scand Suppl 1952; 266: 595-599
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Palmer ED. The abnormal upper gastrointestinal vagovagal reflexes that affect the heart. Am J Gastroenterol 1976; 66 (06) 513-522
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Linz D, Hohl M, Vollmar J, Ukena C, Mahfoud F, Böhm M. Atrial fibrillation and gastroesophageal reflux disease: the cardiogastric interaction. Europace 2017; 19 (01) 16-20
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Takahashi A, Kuwahara T, Takahashi Y. Complications in the catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: incidence and management. Circ J 2009; 73 (02) 221-226
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Qumseya BJ, Kusumoto F, Wolfsen H. Esophageal injury following left atrial ablation. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 2012; 8 (06) 414-416
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Rajakulasingam R, Francis R, Ghuran A. A rare complication following radiofrequency ablation. BMJ Case Rep 2013; 2013: 2013
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Babic D, Benussi S, Schwarz U, Valli PV, Matter CM. Endocarditis, hemiparesis, and upper GI bleeding 4 weeks after radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2016; 17 (06) 703
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Chiari H. Ueber Fremdkorpeverletzung des Oesophagus mit Aortenperforation. Berlin Klin Wschr. 1914; 51: 7-9
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Dubreuil. Observations sur la perforation de l'oesophage et de l'aorte thoracique par une potion d'os avale: avec des reflexions. J Univ Sci Med. 1818; 9: 357-363
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Duncan J. Case of fatal hemorrhage from perforation of the aorta by false teeth impacted in the oesophagus. Northern J Med 1844; 1: 15
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Visagan R, Grossman R, Dimitriadis PA, Desai A. ‘Crohn’z meanz Heinz’: foreign body inflammatory mass mimicking Crohn’s disease. Case Reports 2013; 2013: bcr2013009603
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Sloop RD, Thompson JC. Aorto-esophageal fistula: report of a case and review of literature. Gastroenterology 1967; 53 (05) 768-777
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Scher RL, Tegtmeyer CJ, McLean WC. Vascular injury following foreign body perforation of the esophagus. Review of the literature and report of a case. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1990; 99 (9 Pt 1): 698-702
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Sica GS, Djapardy V, Westaby S, Maynard ND. Diagnosis and management of aortoesophageal fistula caused by a foreign body. Ann Thorac Surg 2004; 77 (06) 2217-2218
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Tezcan O, Oruc M, Kuyumcu M, Demirtas S, Yavuz C, Karahan O. Unexpected complication of oesophagoscopy: iatrogenic aortic injury in a child. Cardiovasc J Afr 2016; 27 (03) e15-e17
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Ikeda Y, Morita N, Kurihara H, Niimi M, Okinaga K. A primary aortoesophageal fistula due to esophageal carcinoma successfully treated with endoluminal aortic stent grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006; 131 (02) 486-487
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Sivaraman SK, Drummond R. Radiation-induced aortoesophageal fistula: an unusual case of massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding. J Emerg Med 2002; 23 (02) 175-178
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Lee RY, Flaherty L, Khushalani NI. et al. Aorto-esophageal fistula: a rare fatal case caused by esophageal malignancy. J Gastrointest Oncol 2010; 1 (01) 64-65
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Parikh MP, Sherid M, Panginikkod S, Rawal HA, Gopalakrishnan V. Radiation therapy-induced aortoesophageal fistula: a case report and review of literature. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2016; 4 (02) 165-167
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Siersema PD, Tan TG, Sutorius FF, Dees J, van Blankenstein M. Massive hemorrhage caused by a perforating Gianturco-Z stent resulting in an aortoesophageal fistula. Endoscopy 1997; 29 (05) 416-420
    Artikel in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Unosawa S, Hata M, Sezai A. et al. Surgical treatment of an aortoesophageal fistula caused by stent implantation for esophageal stenosis: report of a case. Surg Today 2008; 38 (01) 62-64
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Schiessel R, Rath T, Kretschmer G. Giant ulcer of the oesophagus with erosion of the aorta- successful treatment with aortic suture secured by an omental graft and oesophagectomy. Br J Surg 1985; 72 (08) 650
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Merendino KA, Emerson EC. Aorto-esophagogastric fistula, an unusual complication of esophagogastrostomy performed under the aortic arch following esophageal resection for carcinoma; a report of two cases. J Thorac Surg 1950; 19 (03) 405-411
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 da Silva ES, Tozzi FL, Otochi JP, de Tolosa EM, Neves CR, Fortes F. Aortoesophageal fistula caused by aneurysm of the thoracic aorta: successful surgical treatment, case report, and literature review. J Vasc Surg 1999; 30 (06) 1150-1157
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Born C, Forster A, Rock C, Pfeifer KJ, Rieger J, Reiser M. A case of an upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to a ruptured dissection of a right aortic arch. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2003; 26 (05) 506-509
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Na JY, Kim YS, Choi YD, Kim HS, Park JT. Death by aortoesophageal fistula due to disseminated tuberculosis: a case study. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2015; 8 (04) 4253-4257
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Funk EH. Aortic aneurysm with esophageal rupture. Med Clin North Am 1918; 2: 795-802
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Sigalet DL, Laberge JM, DiLorenzo M. et al. Aortoesophageal fistula: congenital and acquired causes. J Pediatr Surg 1994; 29 (09) 1212-1214
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Wang N, Sparks SR, Bailey LL. Staged repair using omentum for posttraumatic aortoesophageal fistula. Ann Thorac Surg 1994; 58 (02) 557-559
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Dake MD, Miller DC, Semba CP, Mitchell RS, Walker PJ, Liddell RP. Transluminal placement of endovascular stent-grafts for the treatment of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms. N Engl J Med 1994; 331 (26) 1729-1734
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Santo KC, Guest P, McCafferty I, Bonser RS. Aortoesophageal fistula secondary to stent-graft repair of the thoracic aorta after previous surgical coarctation repair. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007; 134 (06) 1585-1586
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Nazarewicz GV, Jain R. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding caused by aortoesophageal fistula. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 14 (12) A22
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Clark A. Ulceration of the oesophagus, opening into the pericardium, caused by swallowing some false teeth. In: Peters JC. ed. Transactions of the New York Pathological Society. Vol. 1. New York: William Wood and Co.; 1854: 227
    Google Scholar
  • 54 Bozer AY, Saylam A, Ersoy U. Purulent pericarditis due to perforation of esophagus with foreign body. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1974; 67 (04) 590-592
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Sharland MG, McCaughan BC. Perforation of the esophagus by a fish bone leading to cardiac tamponade. Ann Thorac Surg 1993; 56 (04) 969-971
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Fukada J, Shigematsu N, Takeuchi H. et al. Symptomatic pericardial effusion after chemoradiation therapy in esophageal cancer patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2013; 87 (03) 487-493
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Twine CP, Barry JD, Blackshaw GR, Crosby TD, Roberts SA, Lewis WG. Prognostic significance of endoscopic ultrasound-defined pleural, pericardial or peritoneal fluid in oesophageal cancer. Surg Endosc 2009; 23 (10) 2229-2236
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Soler-Soler J, Sagristà-Sauleda J, Permanyer-Miralda G. Management of pericardial effusion. Heart 2001; 86 (02) 235-240
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Nessler B, Paradowski A, Nessler J. et al. [Cardiac tamponade as the first symptom of oesophageal carcinoma -- a case report]. Kardiol Pol 2006; 64 (03) 312-315
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Kaufman J, Thongsuwan N, Stern E, Karmy-Jones R. Esophageal-pericardial fistula with purulent pericarditis secondary to esophageal carcinoma presenting with tamponade. Ann Thorac Surg 2003; 75 (01) 288-289
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Rana ZA, Hosmane VR, Rana NR, Emery DL, Goldenberg EM, Gardner TJ. Gastro-right ventricular fistula: a deadly complication of a gastric pull-through. Ann Thorac Surg 2010; 90 (01) 297-299
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Brullet E, Campo R, Combalía N, Marqués G, Armengol-Miró JR. Gastric ulcer perforation into the heart. Endoscopy 1996; 28 (03) 316-318
    Artikel in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 West AB, Nolan N, O'Briain DS. Benign peptic ulcers penetrating pericardium and heart: clinicopathological features and factors favoring survival. Gastroenterology 1988; 94 (06) 1478-1487
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Dhillon A, Eltweri AM, Shah V, Bowrey DJ. Gastropericardial fistula after Roux-en-Y bypass for reflux disease. BMJ Case Rep 2015; 2015: 2015
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Beynon RP, Bahl VK, Prendergast BD. Infective endocarditis. BMJ 2006; 333 (7563): 334-339
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Gould FK, Elliott TS, Foweraker J. et al; Working Party of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. Guidelines for the prevention of endocarditis: report of the Working Party of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006; 57 (06) 1035-1042
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Breuer GS, Yinnon AM, Halevy J. Infective endocarditis associated with upper endoscopy: case report and review. J Infect 1998; 36 (03) 342-344
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Zhao J. Massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to a ruptured superior mesenteric artery aneurysm duodenum fistula. J Vasc Surg 2008; 48 (03) 735-737
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Kim H-C, Oh J-H, Lee Y-C. Esophageal perforation after perioperative transesophageal echocardiography: a case report. J Med Case Reports 2016; 10 (01) 338
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Lennon MJ, Gibbs NM, Weightman WM, Leber J, Ee HC, Yusoff IF. Transesophageal echocardiography-related gastrointestinal complications in cardiac surgical patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2005; 19 (02) 141-145
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Gharzai L, Verma V, Denniston KA, Bhirud AR, Bennion NR, Lin C. Radiation therapy and cardiac death in long-term survivors of esophageal cancer: an analysis of the surveillance, epidemiology, and end result database. PLoS One 2016; 11 (07) e0158916
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Bang YJ, Van Cutsem E, Feyereislova A. et al; ToGA Trial Investigators. Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (ToGA): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2010; 376 (9742): 687-697
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Mohammedi I, Ber C, Peguet O, Ould-Aoudia T, Duperret S, Petit P. Cardiac air embolism after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in a patient with blunt hepatic trauma. J Trauma 2002; 53 (06) 1170-1172
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Donepudi S, Chavalitdhamrong D, Pu L, Draganov PV. Air embolism complicating gastrointestinal endoscopy: a systematic review. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2013; 5 (08) 359-365
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Lake E, Puleston J, Farquharson F. Intra-arterial migration of a fractured endoscopic needle. Endoscopy 2017; 49 (S 01): E70-E72
    Artikel in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Reina A, Vidaña E, Soriano P. et al. Traumatic intrapericardial diaphragmatic hernia: case report and literature review. Injury 2001; 32 (02) 153-156
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 McCutcheon BL, Chin UY, Hogan GJ, Todd JC, Johnson RB, Grimm CP. Laparoscopic repair of traumatic intrapericardial diaphragmatic hernia. Hernia 2010; 14 (06) 647-649
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Murari VJ, Alexander GL, Cassivi SD. Massive intrapericardial herniation of stomach following pericardial window. Hernia 2004; 8 (03) 273-276
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Docekal J, Fabian T. Pericardial window formation complicated by intrapericardial diaphragmatic hernia. Case Rep Surg 2014; 2014: 132170
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Chin RY, Glew MJ, Brady P. Iatrogenic intrapericardial diaphragmatic hernia. ANZ J Surg 2002; 72 (09) 681-683
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Panday GF, Grandjean JG, Ho KY, Boonstra PW. A rare case of herniation of omentum into the pericardial cavity after using the right gastro-epiploic artery for coronary bypass grafting. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2003; 2 (02) 154-155
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Ikeda Y, Tobari S, Morita N, Okinaga K. Strangulated intrapericardial herniation of the stomach after use of the right gastroepiploic artery for coronary artery bypass grafting. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2005; 4 (03) 168-169
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Tsuneyoshi H, Minami K, Nakayama S, Sakaguchi G. [A case report of gastric perforation after coronary artery bypass grafting with right gastroepiploic artery]. Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998; 46 (08) 719-723
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Shimizu J, Hirano Y, Kinoshita S, Tatsuzawa Y, Kawaura Y, Takahashi S. Gastric cancer occurred after coronary artery bypass grafting using the right gastroepiploic artery. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004; 10 (04) 255-258
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Konishi Y, Suzuki K, Wada H. et al. How do we manage the gastrectomy for gastric cancer after coronary artery bypass grafting using the right gastroepiploic artery? Report of two cases and a review of the literature. World J Surg Oncol 2007; 5: 54
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar