Evolutionary Adaptations in Pseudonaja Textilis Venom Factor X Induce Zymogen Activity and Resistance to the Intrinsic Tenase Complex

Mark Schreuder; Geraldine Poenou; Viola J. F. Strijbis; Ka Lei Cheung; Pieter H. Reitsma; Mettine H. A. Bos

doi:10.1055/s-0040-1715441

Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Table of Contents

Thromb Haemost 2020; 120(11): 1512-1523
DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1715441

Coagulation and Fibrinolysis

Evolutionary Adaptations in Pseudonaja Textilis Venom Factor X Induce Zymogen Activity and Resistance to the Intrinsic Tenase Complex

Authors

Mark Schreuder^*

¹Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Geraldine Poenou^*

¹Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

²AP–HP, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France
Viola J. F. Strijbis

¹Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Ka Lei Cheung

¹Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Pieter H. Reitsma

¹Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Mettine H. A. Bos

¹Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

Abstract

The venom of the Australian snake Pseudonaja textilis comprises powerful prothrombin activators consisting of factor X (v-ptFX)- and factor V-like proteins. While all vertebrate liver-expressed factor X (FX) homologs, including that of P. textilis, comprise an activation peptide of approximately 45 to 65 residues, the activation peptide of v-ptFX is significantly shortened to 27 residues. In this study, we demonstrate that exchanging the human FX activation peptide for the snake venom ortholog impedes proteolytic cleavage by the intrinsic factor VIIIa–factor IXa tenase complex. Furthermore, our findings indicate that the human FX activation peptide comprises an essential binding site for the intrinsic tenase complex. Conversely, incorporation of FX into the extrinsic tissue factor–factor VIIa tenase complex is completely dependent on exosite-mediated interactions. Remarkably, the shortened activation peptide allows for factor V-dependent prothrombin conversion while in the zymogen state. This indicates that the active site of FX molecules comprising the v-ptFX activation peptide partially matures upon assembly into a premature prothrombinase complex. Taken together, the shortened activation peptide is one of the remarkable characteristics of v-ptFX that has been modified from its original form, thereby transforming FX into a powerful procoagulant protein. Moreover, these results shed new light on the structural requirements for serine protease activation and indicate that catalytic activity can be obtained without formation of the characteristic Ile¹⁶–Asp¹⁹⁴ salt bridge via modification of the activation peptide.

Keywords

factor X - serine protease - prothrombinase complex - enzyme precursors - blood protein disorders

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References

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