Facial Plast Surg 2021; 37(06): 709-715
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1735307
Original Article

Genioplasty and Mandibular Implants

Tom Shokri
1   Otolaryngology and Facial Plastic Associates, Fort Worth, Texas
,
Mattie Rosi-Schumacher
2   Department of Otolaryngology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
,
Laura Petrauskas
3   Section of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
,
3   Section of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
,
Yadranko Ducic
1   Otolaryngology and Facial Plastic Associates, Fort Worth, Texas
› Author Affiliations

Abstract

Genioplasty is a useful technique employed for both aesthetic and, in the case of obstructive sleep apnea, functional purposes. Mandibular implants similarly represent a powerful tool in the facial surgeons armamentarium. Herein, we review relevant anatomy, patient evaluation, and various techniques employing both alloplastic augmentation and osseous modification of the mandible.



Publication History

Article published online:
16 September 2021

© 2021. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA

 
  • References

  • 1 Keating CF. Gender and the physiognomy of dominance and attractiveness. Soc Psychol Q 1985; 48 (01) 61-70
  • 2 Naini FB, Donaldson AN, McDonald F, Cobourne MT. Assessing the influence of chin prominence on perceived attractiveness in the orthognathic patient, clinician and layperson. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012; 41 (07) 839-846
  • 3 Spiegel JH, DeRosa J. In: Lalwani A. ed. CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. McGraw-Hill Education/Medical; 2019
  • 4 Lee EI. Aesthetic alteration of the chin. Semin Plast Surg 2013; 27 (03) 155-160
  • 5 Kellman RM. In: Flint PW. et al. eds. Cummings Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery E-Book. 3672. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014
  • 6 Kqiku L, Weiglein AH, Pertl C, Biblekaj R, Städtler P. Histology and intramandibular course of the inferior alveolar nerve. Clin Oral Investig 2011; 15 (06) 1013-1016
  • 7 Guyuron B. MOC-PS(SM) CME article: genioplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008; 121 (4, Suppl): 1-7
  • 8 Ritter EF, Moelleken BR, Mathes SJ, Ousterhout DK. The course of the inferior alveolar neurovascular canal in relation to sliding genioplasty. J Craniofac Surg 1992; 3 (01) 20-24
  • 9 Guyot L, Layoun W, Richard O, Cheynet F, Gola R. Alteration of chin sensibility due to damage of the cutaneous branch of the mylohyoid nerve during genioplasty. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2002; 60 (11) 1371-1373
  • 10 Sykes JM, Frodel JL. In: Flint PW. et al. eds. Cummings Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery E-Book. 3672. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014
  • 11 Travers JB. In: Flint PW. et al. eds. Cummings Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery E-Book. 3672. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014
  • 12 Rubens BC, West RA. Ptosis of the chin and lip incompetence: consequences of lost mentalis muscle support. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1989; 47 (04) 359-366
  • 13 Zide BM. The mentalis muscle: an essential component of chin and lower lip position. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000; 105 (03) 1213-1215
  • 14 Sykes JM. Magill CK in Bailey's Head and Neck Surgery (ed Johnson J) 3016. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013
  • 15 Rosen HM. Aesthetic refinements in genioplasty: the role of the labiomental fold. Plast Reconstr Surg 1991; 88 (05) 760-767
  • 16 Arroyo HH, Olivetti IP, Lima LF, Jurado JR. Clinical evaluation for chin augmentation: literature review and algorithm proposal. Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol (Engl Ed) 2016; 82 (05) 596-601
  • 17 Ahmed J, Patil S, Jayaraj S. Assessment of the chin in patients undergoing rhinoplasty: what proportion may benefit from chin augmentation?. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2010; 142 (02) 164-168
  • 18 Ricketts RM. Esthetics, environment, and the law of lip relation. Am J Orthod 1968; 54 (04) 272-289
  • 19 Steiner CC. Cephalometrics in clinical practice. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1968;54
  • 20 González-Ulloa M. Quantitative principles in cosmetic surgery of the face (profileplasty). Plast Reconstr Surg Transplant Bull 1962; 29: 186-198
  • 21 Gibson FB, Calhoun KH. Chin position in profile analysis. Comparison of techniques and introduction of the lower facial triangle. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1992; 118 (03) 273-276
  • 22 Holdaway RA. A soft-tissue cephalometric analysis and its use in orthodontic treatment planning. Part I. Am J Orthod 1983; 84 (01) 1-28
  • 23 Merrifield LL. The profile line as an aid in critically evaluating facial esthetics. Am J Orthod 1966; 52 (11) 804-822
  • 24 Binder WJ, Kamer FM, Parkes ML. Mentoplasty–a clinical analysis of alloplastic implants. Laryngoscope 1981; 91 (03) 383-391
  • 25 Louis PJ, Cuzalina LA. Alloplastic augmentation of the face. Atlas Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2000; 8 (02) 127-191
  • 26 Semergidis TG, Migliore SA, Sotereanos GC. Alloplastic augmentation of the mandibular angle. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1996; 54 (12) 1417-1423
  • 27 Yaremchuk MJ, Doumit G, Thomas MA, Thomas MA. Alloplastic augmentation of the facial skeleton: an occasional adjunct or alternative to orthognathic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011; 127 (05) 2021-2030
  • 28 Oliver JD, Eells AC, Saba ES. et al. Alloplastic facial implants: a systematic review and meta-analysis on outcomes and uses in aesthetic and reconstructive plastic surgery. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2019; 43 (03) 625-636
  • 29 Juszczak HM, Fridirici Z, Knott PD, Park AM, Seth R. An update in facial gender confirming surgery. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2019; 27 (04) 243-252
  • 30 Terino EO. Complications and problems in aesthetic plastic surgery (ed Peck G). New York: Gower Medical; 1991
  • 31 Binder WJ. Custom-designed facial implants. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2008; 16 (01) 133-146 , vii
  • 32 Goldsmith D, Horowitz A, Orentlicher G. Facial skeletal augmentation using custom facial implants. Atlas Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2012; 20 (01) 119-134
  • 33 Al-Jandan B, Marei HF. Mandibular angle augmentation using solid silicone implants. Dent Med Probl 2018; 55 (04) 367-370
  • 34 Terino EO, Edwards MC. Customizing jawlines: the art of alloplastic premandible contouring. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2008; 16 (01) 99-122 , vi
  • 35 Yaremchuk MJ. Mandibular augmentation. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000; 106 (03) 697-706
  • 36 Dec W, Warren SM. SJ Aston, DS Steinbrech, J Walden: Aesthetic plastic surgery. 423–436 (Elsevier Saunders, 2009)
  • 37 Kadakia S, Cranford J, Ducic Y. Options in Chin Augmentation. Recent Advances in Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery 6. , 213–219 (2017)
  • 38 Reed EH, Smith RG. Genioplasty: a case for alloplastic chin augmentation. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2000; 58 (07) 788-793
  • 39 Rojas YA, Sinnott C, Colasante C, Samas J, Reish RG. Facial implants: controversies and criticism. a comprehensive review of the current literature. Plast Reconstr Surg 2018; 142 (04) 991-999
  • 40 Chang EW, Lam SM, Karen M, Donlevy JL. Sliding genioplasty for correction of chin abnormalities. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2001; 3 (01) 8-15
  • 41 Alvarez CM, Lessin ME, Gross PD. Mandibular advancement combined with horizontal advancement genioplasty for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in an edentulous patient. A case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1987; 64 (04) 402-406
  • 42 Li KK, Cheney ML. The use of sliding genioplasty for treatment of failed chin implants. Laryngoscope 1996; 106 (3 Pt 1): 363-366
  • 43 Jones BM, Vesely MJJ. Osseous genioplasty in facial aesthetic surgery–a personal perspective reviewing 54 patients. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2006; 59 (11) 1177-1187
  • 44 Chan D, Ducic Y. A simplified, reliable approach for advancement genioplasty. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2016; 18 (02) 114-118
  • 45 Hamilton MM, Chan D. Adjunctive procedures to neck rejuvenation. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2014; 22 (02) 231-242
  • 46 Strauss RA, Abubaker AO. Genioplasty: a case for advancement osteotomy. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2000; 58 (07) 783-787
  • 47 Frodel JL, Sykes JM, Jones JL. Evaluation and treatment of vertical microgenia. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2004; 6 (02) 111-119
  • 48 Gui L, Huang L, Zhang Z. Genioplasty and chin augmentation with Medpore implants: a report of 650 cases. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2008; 32 (02) 220-226
  • 49 Reddy PS, Kashyap B, Hallur N, Sikkerimath BC. Advancement genioplasty–cephalometric analysis of osseous and soft tissue changes. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2011; 10 (04) 288-295
  • 50 Shaughnessy S, Mobarak KA, Høgevold HE, Espeland L. Long-term skeletal and soft-tissue responses after advancement genioplasty. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006; 130 (01) 8-17
  • 51 Hendler BH, Costello BJ, Silverstein K, Yen D, Goldberg A. A protocol for uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, mortised genioplasty, and maxillomandibular advancement in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: an analysis of 40 cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2001; 59 (08) 892-897 , discussion 898–899
  • 52 Kezirian EJ, Goldberg AN. Hypopharyngeal surgery in obstructive sleep apnea: an evidence-based medicine review. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006; 132 (02) 206-213
  • 53 Mintz SM, Ettinger AC, Geist JR, Geist RY. Anatomic relationship of the genial tubercles to the dentition as determined by cross-sectional tomography. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1995; 53 (11) 1324-1326
  • 54 Santos Junior JF, Abrahão M, Gregório LC, Zonato AI, Gumieiro EH. Genioplasty for genioglossus muscle advancement in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome and mandibular retrognathia. Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol (Engl Ed) 2007; 73 (04) 480-486
  • 55 de Santana Santos T, Albuquerque KM, Santos MESM, Laureano Filho JR. Survey on complications of orthognathic surgery among oral and maxillofacial surgeons. J Craniofac Surg 2012; 23 (05) e423-e430
  • 56 Bruno Carlo B, Mauro P, Silvia B, Enrico S. Modified genioplasty and bimaxillary advancement for treating obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008; 66 (09) 1971-1974
  • 57 Ousterhout DK. Sliding genioplasty, avoiding mental nerve injuries. J Craniofac Surg 1996; 7 (04) 297-298
  • 58 Reyneke JP, Sullivan SM. A simplified technique of genioplasty with simultaneous widening or narrowing of the chin. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2001; 59 (10) 1244-1245
  • 59 Shaik M, Koteswar Rao N, Kiran Kumar N, Prasanthi G. Comparison of rigid and semirigid fixation for advancement genioplasty. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2013; 12 (03) 260-265
  • 60 Triaca A, Furrer T, Minoretti R. Chin shield osteotomy–a new genioplasty technique avoiding a deep mento-labial fold in order to increase the labial competence. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009; 38 (11) 1201-1205
  • 61 Wang J, Gui L, Xu Q, Cai J. The sagittal curving osteotomy: a modified technique for advancement genioplasty. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2007; 60 (02) 119-124