Lethality of Birth Defects in Live Born Infants Categorized by Gestational Age and Birth Weight

Abstract

Objective This study aimed to describe lethality of birth defects (BDs) in newborns categorized by gestational age and birth weight and to identify BDs associated with prematurity.

Study Design Live born infants (n = 16,452) with isolated BDs classified by severity, and 42,511 healthy controls were assigned to categories: adequate growth, preterm, or small for gestational age (SGA). Proportion of cases and BDs' lethality rates were obtained by category and compared with controls.

Results Overall fewer malformed than nonmalformed infants were of adequate growth, while the opposite occurred in the preterm and SGA categories where gastroschisis and esophageal atresia were among the most outstanding defects. For most severe BDs, the early neonatal death rate was higher than control values in all categories; for mild defects, except cleft lip in the preterm category, they did not differ. Diaphragmatic hernia showed the highest lethality values, while those of spina bifida were among the lowest. Talipes, hypospadias, and septal heart defects were mild defects significantly associated with prematurity.

Conclusion Although reasons, such as induced preterm delivery of fetuses with certain anomalies, could partially account for their high prematurity rates, susceptibility to preterm birth might exist through underlying mechanisms related with the defects. The identification of BDs associated with prematurity should serve to improve measures that prevent preterm birth especially of fetuses at risk.

Key Points

• Some BDs predispose to prematurity.

• Prematurity is an additional risk factor for mortality in infants with mild defects.

• Lethality values should be adjusted by gestational age and birth weight.

Keywords

Lethality - birth defects - prematurity - birth weight - risk - ECLAMC

Publication History

Received: 21 January 2021

Accepted: 19 August 2021

Article published online:
11 October 2021

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