Hirnfunktionelle korrelate typischer Muster des Klinischen Routine-EEGs

Zusammenfassung

Was verbirgt sich hinter den EEG-Phänomenen, die wir im klinischen EEG tagtäglich phänotypisch erkennen und empirisch deuten? Dies beginnt bei den Oszillationen des Ruhe-EEG, die bereits Hans Berger kannte und einordnete (z. B. Alpharhythmus), führt weiter über die Grafoelemente und Verlangsamungen des Schlaf-EEGs, die schon Loomis beschrieb (z. B. Schlafspindeln, K-Komplexe, Vertexzacken, Theta- und Deltaoszillationen) bis hin zu EEG-Pathologika bei Epilepsie ([inter-]iktale epilepsietypische Potenziale und Muster). Aber auch in den kognitiven Neurowissenschaften beobachtete Phänomene wie z. B. das sogenannte „Gammabinding“, das die Zusammenarbeit verschiedener Hirnregionen vermittelt, sind von Interesse. Zur Beantwortung der Frage, was im Gehirn passiert, während wir die unterschiedlichen charakteristischen EEG-Merkmale sehen, ist die simultane Ableitung des EEG während nicht-invasiver blutoxygenierungssensitiver funktioneller Magnetresonanztomografie (BOLD-fMRT) eine geeignete Methode. Hans Bergers Idee des Gedankenlesens mittels EEG ist nach wie vor nicht verwirklicht, aber wir können heute einfache Konzepte formulieren, die Phänomenen des Oberflächen-EEG Hirnfunktionszustände zuordnen. Hieraus wiederum eröffnen sich weiterführende Perspektiven auf kognitive Prozesse, Epilepsiesyndrome und zukünftige Therapiestrategien.

Abstract

Which are the brain functional correlates of the EEG phenomena we observe on clinical EEG every day? This includes physiological resting alpha oscillations identified and interpreted already by Hans Berger, EEG slowing and paroxysms (K-complexes, vertex sharp waves) during sleep described by Alfred Loomis, on the one hand, and pathological EEG activity (interictal epileptiform potentials), on the other. Of similar interest are electrophysiological phenomena discussed in cognitive neuroscience, e. g. gamma binding indicating interregional brain communication. Non-invasive simultaneous EEG-combined functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) based on the blood oxygen level-dependent signal allows addressing the opening question. Hans Berger’s idea of deciphering his contemporaries’ thoughts remains unfulfilled to this day. Nevertheless, we have arrived at the formulation of simple concepts how some surface EEG phenomena might relate to brain function. From this, new perspectives on cognition and epilepsy syndromes emerge including future treatment strategies.

Schlüsselwörter

EEG - fMRT Epilepsie - Schlaf - K-Komplex - Vertexzacke - Hirnfunktion

Key words

EEG - fMRI - epilepsy - sleep - K-complex - vertex sharp wave - brain function

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