Sonografie peripherer Nerven: Relevante Indikationen für die klinische Praxis

U. Schminke

doi:10.1055/s-0042-118965

Klinische Neurophysiologie, Inhaltsverzeichnis

Klinische Neurophysiologie 2016; 47(04): 173-179
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-118965

Originalia

Sonografie peripherer Nerven: Relevante Indikationen für die klinische Praxis

Sonography of Peripheral Nerves: Relevant Indications for Clinical Practice

Authors

U. Schminke

¹Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald

Abstract

Zusammenfassung

Unter Verwendung hochauflösender Ultraschalltechnologie gelingt es in der Ultraschalldiagnostik, die meisten Nerven der oberen und unteren Extremitäten, inklusive des Plexus brachialis zuverlässig darzustellen. Als komplementäre Methode zur Elektrophysiologie ergänzt die Sonografie die Kenntnisse über eine gestörte Funktion peripherer Nerven durch zusätzliche Informationen über morphologische Veränderungen der Nerven sowie deren umgebendes Gewebe. Am häufigsten wird die Sonografie bei Nervenkompressionssyndromen wie dem Karpaltunnelsyndrom oder der Ulnarisneuropathie am Ellenbogen, bei traumatischen Nervenschädigungen, benignen Nervenscheidentumore sowie bei immun-vermittelten und hereditären Neuropathien angewendet. Diese Übersichtsarbeit soll unter Berücksichtigung der aktuellen Literatur praxisrelevante Indikation der Sonografie peripherer Nerven aufzeigen.

Abstract

Using high-definition ultrasound technology makes it possible to reliably evaluate the majority of the nerves of the upper and lower extremities including the brachial plexus with ultrasonography. Complementary with electrodiagnostic testing, ultrasonography supplements our knowledge on a disturbed function of nerves by proving additional information on morphologic changes of the nerve’s structure and of its surrounding tissue. Most frequently, ultrasonography is applied in entrapment syndromes like carpal tunnel syndrome or an ulnar neuropathy at the elbow, in traumatic nerve injuries, benign nerve sheath tumors as well as in immune mediated and hereditary neuropathies. Considering the most current literature, this review aims to describe relevant indications of ultrasonography of peripheral nerves for clinical practice.

Schlüsselwörter

Sonografie peripherer Nerven - Karpaltunnelsyndrom - Ulnarisneuropathie am Ellenbogen - traumatische Nervenläsionen - benigne Nervenscheidentumore

Key words

sonography of peripheral nerves - carpal tunnel syndrome - ulnar neuropathy at the elbow - traumatic nerve injuries - benign nerve sheath tumors

Volltext

Referenzen

Literatur
1 Schelle T. Methodik und was kann die Nervensonografie. Klin Neurophysiol 2015; 46: 79-89
2 Glocker F, Egger K. Ein Pro – so viel wie möglich Bildgebung. Klin Neurophysiol 2015; 46: 90-92
3 Bischoff C, Pöschl P, Dreger J et al. Kontra – Bilduntersuchungen in der Diagnostik der Erkrankungen peripherer Nerven – nur in speziellen Ausnahmen sinnvoll und notwendig. Klin Neurophysiol 2015; 46: 93-96
4 Rempel D, Dahlin L, Lundborg G. Pathophysiology of nerve compression syndromes: response of peripheral nerves to loading. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1999; 81: 1600-1610
5 Cartwright MS, Hobson-Webb LD, Boon AJ et al. Evidence-based guideline: neuromuscular ultrasound for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Muscle Nerve 2012; 46: 287-293
6 Tai T-W, Wu C-Y, Su F-C et al. Ultrasonography for diagnosing carpal tunnel syndrome: a meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy. Ultrasound Med Biol 2012; 38: 1121-1128
7 Descatha A, Huard L, Aubert F et al. Meta-analysis on the performance of sonography for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2012; 41: 914-922
8 Azami A, Maleki N, Anari H et al. The diagnostic value of ultrasound compared with nerve conduction velocity in carpal tunnel syndrome. Int J Rheum Dis 2014; 17: 612-620
9 Ooi CC, Wong SK, Tan ABH et al. Diagnostic criteria of carpal tunnel syndrome using high-resolution ultrasonography: correlation with nerve conduction studies. Skeletal Radiol 2014; 43: 1387-1394
10 Karadag YS, Karadag O, Cicekli E et al. Severity of Carpal tunnel syndrome assessed with high frequency ultrasonography. Rheumatol Int 2010; 30: 761-765
11 Ziswiler H-R, Reichenbach S, Vogelin E et al. Diagnostic value of sonography in patients with suspected carpal tunnel syndrome: a prospective study. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52: 304-311
12 Hobson-Webb LD, Massey JM, Juel VC et al. The ultrasonographic wrist-to-forearm median nerve area ratio in carpal tunnel syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol 2008; 119: 1353-1357
13 Fujimoto K, Kanchiku T, Kido K et al. Diagnosis of Severe Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Using Nerve Conduction Study and Ultrasonography. Ultrasound Med Biol 2015; 41: 2575-2580
14 Mhoon JT, Juel VC, Hobson-Webb LD. Median nerve ultrasound as a screening tool in carpal tunnel syndrome: correlation of cross-sectional area measures with electrodiagnostic abnormality. Muscle Nerve 2012; 46: 871-878
15 Moran L, Perez M, Esteban A et al. Sonographic measurement of cross-sectional area of the median nerve in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome: correlation with nerve conduction studies. J Clin Ultrasound 2009; 37: 125-131
16 Seror P. Sonography and electrodiagnosis in carpal tunnel syndrome diagnosis, an analysis of the literature. Eur J Radiol 2008; 67: 146-152
17 Cartwright MS, Walker FO, Newman JC et al. Muscle intrusion as a potential cause of carpal tunnel syndrome. Muscle Nerve 2014; 50: 517-522
18 Walker FO, Cartwright MS, Blocker JN et al. Prevalence of bifid median nerves and persistent median arteries and their association with carpal tunnel syndrome in a sample of Latino poultry processors and other manual workers. Muscle Nerve 2013; 48: 539-544
19 Kasius KM, Claes F, Meulstee J et al. Bifid median nerve in carpal tunnel syndrome: do we need to know?. Muscle Nerve 2014; 50: 835-843
20 Dailiana ZH, Bougioukli S, Varitimidis S et al. Tumors and tumor-like lesions mimicking carpal tunnel syndrome. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2014; 134: 139-144
21 Nakamichi K, Tachibana S. Unilateral carpal tunnel syndrome and space-occupying lesions. J Hand Surg Br 1993; 18: 748-749
22 Tas S, Staub F, Dombert T et al. Sonographic short-term follow-up after surgical decompression of the median nerve at the carpal tunnel: a single-center prospective observational study. Neurosurg Focus 2015; 39: E6
23 Bland JDP, Rudolfer SM. Ultrasound imaging of the median nerve as a prognostic factor for carpal tunnel decompression. Muscle Nerve 2014; 49: 741-744
24 Vogelin E, Nuesch E, Juni P et al. Sonographic follow-up of patients with carpal tunnel syndrome undergoing surgical or nonsurgical treatment: prospective cohort study. J Hand Surg Am 2010; 35: 1401-1409
25 Smidt MH, Visser LH. Carpal tunnel syndrome: clinical and sonographic follow-up after surgery. Muscle Nerve 2008; 38: 987-991
26 Abicalaf CA, de Barros N, Sernik RA et al. Ultrasound evaluation of patients with carpal tunnel syndrome before and after endoscopic release of the transverse carpal ligament. Clin Radiol 2007; 62: 891-894 discussion 895-896
27 Tan TC, Yeo CJ, Smith EW. High definition ultrasound as diagnostic adjunct for incomplete carpal tunnel release. Hand Surg 2011; 16: 289-294
28 Karabay N, Toros T, Cetinkol E et al. Correlations between ultrasonography findings and surgical findings in patients with refractory symptoms after primary surgical release for carpal tunnel syndrome. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc 2015; 49: 126-132
29 Omejec G, Podnar S. What causes ulnar neuropathy at the elbow?. Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 127: 919-924
30 Pompe SM, Beekman R. Which ultrasonographic measure has the upper hand in ulnar neuropathy at the elbow?. Clin Neurophysiol 2013; 124: 190-196
31 Ellegaard HR, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Hess A et al. High-resolution ultrasound in ulnar neuropathy at the elbow: A prospective study. Muscle Nerve 2015; 52: 759-766
32 van Veen KEB, Wesstein M, van Kasteel V. Ultrasonography and electrodiagnostic studies in ulnar neuropathy: an examination of the sensitivity and specificity and the correlations between both diagnostic tools. J Clin Neurophysiol 2015; 32: 240-243
33 Ng ES, Vijayan J, Therimadasamy AK et al. High resolution ultrasonography in the diagnosis of ulnar nerve lesions with particular reference to post-traumatic lesions and sites outside the elbow. Clin Neurophysiol 2011; 122: 188-193
34 Ng EST, Wilder-Smith E, Lim A. High-resolution ultrasonography in the detection of postoperative recurrence of ulnar neuropathy. Muscle Nerve 2011; 43: 451-452
35 Gruber H, Baur EM, Plaikner M et al. The ulnar nerve after surgical transposition: can sonography define the reason of persisting neuropathy?. Rofo 2015; 187: 998-1002
36 Djurdjevic T, Loizides A, Loscher W et al. High resolution ultrasound in posterior interosseous nerve syndrome. Muscle Nerve 2014; 49: 35-39
37 Bodner G, Harpf C, Meirer R et al. Ultrasonographic appearance of supinator syndrome. J Ultrasound Med 2002; 21: 1289-1293
38 Grant TH, Omar IM, Dumanian GA et al. Sonographic evaluation of common peroneal neuropathy in patients with foot drop. J Ultrasound Med 2015; 34: 705-711
39 Tsukamoto H, Granata G, Coraci D et al. Ultrasound and neurophysiological correlation in common fibular nerve conduction block at fibular head. Clin Neurophysiol 2014; 125: 1491-1495
40 Visser LH, Hens V, Soethout M et al. Diagnostic value of high-resolution sonography in common fibular neuropathy at the fibular head. Muscle Nerve 2013; 48: 171-178
41 Spinner RJ, Hebert-Blouin M-N, Amrami KK et al. Peroneal and tibial intraneural ganglion cysts in the knee region: a technical note. Neurosurgery 2010; 67: ons71-78 discussion ons78
42 Samarawickrama D, Therimadasamy AK, Chan YC et al. Nerve ultrasound in electrophysiologically verified tarsal tunnel syndrome. Muscle Nerve 2016; 53: 906-912
43 Bodner G, Buchberger W, Schocke M et al. Radial nerve palsy associated with humeral shaft fracture: evaluation with US – initial experience. Radiology 2001; 219: 811-816
44 Lee FC, Singh H, Nazarian LN et al. High-resolution ultrasonography in the diagnosis and intraoperative management of peripheral nerve lesions. J Neurosurg 2011; 114: 206-211
45 Peer S, Bodner G, Meirer R et al. Examination of postoperative peripheral nerve lesions with high-resolution sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001; 177: 415-419
46 Padua L, Di Pasquale A, Liotta G et al. Ultrasound as a useful tool in the diagnosis and management of traumatic nerve lesions. Clin Neurophysiol 2013; 124: 1237-1243
47 Sunderland S. A classification of peripheral nerve injuries producing loss of function. Brain 1951; 74: 491-516
48 Zhu J, Liu F, Li D et al. Preliminary study of the types of traumatic peripheral nerve injuries by ultrasound. Eur Radiol 2011; 21: 1097-1101
49 Zheng M, Zhu Y, Zhou X et al. Diagnosis of closed injury and neoplasm of the brachial plexus by ultrasonography. J Clin Ultrasound 2014; 42: 417-422
50 Zhu Y-S, Mu N-N, Zheng M-J et al. High-resolution ultrasonography for the diagnosis of brachial plexus root lesions. Ultrasound Med Biol 2014; 40: 1420-1426
51 Bendix N, Wolf C, Gruber H et al. Pictorial essay: Ultrasound of tumours and tumour-like lesions of peripheral nerves. Ultraschall Med 2005; 26: 318-324
52 Gruber H, Glodny B, Bendix N et al. High-resolution ultrasound of peripheral neurogenic tumors. Eur Radiol 2007; 17: 2880-2888
53 Reynolds JR DL, Jacobson JA, Inampudi P et al. Sonographic characteristics of peripheral nerve sheath tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004; 182: 741-744
54 Tsai W-C, Chiou H-J, Chou Y-H et al. Differentiation between schwannomas and neurofibromas in the extremities and superficial body: the role of high-resolution and color Doppler ultrasonography. J Ultrasound Med 2008; 27: 161-6 quiz 168–169
55 Wu S, Liu G, Tu R. Value of ultrasonography in neurilemmoma diagnosis: the role of round shape morphology. Med Ultrason 2012; 14: 192-196
56 Descamps MJL, Barrett L, Groves M et al. Primary sciatic nerve lymphoma: a case report and review of the literature. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006; 77: 1087-1089
57 Jang JH, Cho CS, Yang K-S et al. Pattern analysis of nerve enlargement using ultrasonography in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Clin Neurophysiol 2014; 125: 1893-1899
58 Padua L, Granata G, Sabatelli M et al. Heterogeneity of root and nerve ultrasound pattern in CIDP patients. Clin Neurophysiol 2014; 125: 160-165
59 Goedee HS, Brekelmans GJF, Visser LH. Multifocal enlargement and increased vascularization of peripheral nerves detected by sonography in CIDP: a pilot study. Clin Neurophysiol 2014; 125: 154-159
60 Kerasnoudis A, Pitarokoili K, Gold R et al. Bochum ultrasound score allows distinction of chronic inflammatory from multifocal acquired demyelinating polyneuropathies. J Neurol Sci 2015; 348: 211-215
61 Kerasnoudis A, Pitarokoili K, Behrendt V et al. Bochum ultrasound score versus clinical and electrophysiological parameters in distinguishing acute-onset chronic from acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Muscle Nerve 2015; 51: 846-852
62 Grimm A, Decard BF, Axer H et al. The Ultrasound pattern sum score – UPSS. A new method to differentiate acute and subacute neuropathies using ultrasound of the peripheral nerves. Clin Neurophysiol 2015; 126: 2216-2225
63 Grimm A, Decard BF, Bischof A et al. Ultrasound of the peripheral nerves in systemic vasculitic neuropathies. J Neurol Sci 2014; 347: 44-49
64 Schreiber S, Oldag A, Kornblum C et al. Sonography of the median nerve in CMT1A, CMT2A, CMTX, and HNPP. Muscle Nerve 2013; 47: 385-395
65 Sugimoto T, Ochi K, Hosomi N et al. Ultrasonographic nerve enlargement of the median and ulnar nerves and the cervical nerve roots in patients with demyelinating Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: distinction from patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. J Neurol 2013; 260: 2580-2587
66 Zaidman CM, Harms MB, Pestronk A. Ultrasound of inherited vs. acquired demyelinating polyneuropathies. J Neurol 2013; 260: 3115-3121
67 Padua L, Aprile I, Pazzaglia C et al. Contribution of ultrasound in a neurophysiological lab in diagnosing nerve impairment: A one-year systematic assessment. Clin Neurophysiol 2007; 118: 1410-1416