S2k-Guideline Helicobacter pylori and gastroduodenal ulcer disease

Authors; for the DGVS-Guideline Committee (# at the end); Responsible in representation of the DGVS:

doi:10.1055/s-0042-119653

Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie, Inhaltsverzeichnis

Z Gastroenterol 2017; 55(02): 167-206
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-119653

Leitlinie

S2k-Guideline Helicobacter pylori and gastroduodenal ulcer disease^[1]

S2k-Leitlinie Helicobacter pylori und gastroduodenale Ulkuskrankheit

Authors

: for the DGVS-Guideline Committee (# at the end) (

Wolfgang Fischbach^*

¹Medizinische Klinik II und Klinik für Palliativmedizin, Klinikum Aschaffenburg, Aschaffenburg

,

P. Malfertheiner^*

²Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Infektiologie, Universitätsklinikum Magdeburg, Magdeburg

,

P. Lynen Jansen

³DGVS Geschäftsstelle, Berlin

,

W. Bolten

⁴Innere Medizin, Rheumatologie, spez. Schmerztherapie, Privatpraxis Dr. Peter von Seck, Wiesbaden

,

J. Bornschein

⁵MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge,UK

,

S. Buderus

⁶GFO-Kliniken Bonn, St. Marien-Hospital, Abt. Pädiatrie

,

E. Glocker

⁷Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg

,

J. C. Hoffmann

⁸Medizinische Klinik I, St. Marien- und St. Annastiftskrankenhaus, Ludwigshafen am Rhein

,

S. Koletzko

⁹Abteilung Pädiatrische Gastroenterolgoie und Hepatologie, Dr. von Hauner’sches Kinderspital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München

,

J. Labenz

¹⁰Abteilung Innere Medizin, Diakonie Klinikum GmbH, Jung-Stilling-Krankenhaus, Siegen

,

J. Mayerle

¹¹Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin A, Zentrum für Innere Medizin, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald

,

S. Miehlke

¹²Magen-Darm-Zentrum, Facharztzentrum Eppendorf, Hamburg

,

J. Mössner

¹³Klinik und Poliklinik für Gastroenterologie und Rheumatologie, Department für Innere Medizin, Neurologie und Dermatologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig

,

U. Peitz

¹⁴Medizinische Klinik II – Gastroenterologie, Raphaelsklinik Münster GmbH, Münster

,

C. Prinz

¹⁵Medizinische Klinik 2 (Gastroenterologie, Diabetologie, Endokrinologie), HELIOS Klinikum Wuppertal, Wuppertal

,

M. Selgrad

¹⁶Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin I, Universitätklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg

,

S. Suerbaum

¹⁷Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, Zentrum Laboratoriumsmedizin, MHH, Hannover

,

M. Venerito

²Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Infektiologie, Universitätsklinikum Magdeburg, Magdeburg

,

M. Vieth

¹⁸Institut für Pathologie, Klinikum Bayreuth

),

Responsible in representation of the DGVS:

Abstract

Key words

Helicobacter pylori - gastroduodenal ulcer disease - guideline

Volltext

Referenzen

References
1 Malfertheiner P. Link A. Selgrad M. Helicobacter pylori: perspectives and time trends. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 11: 628-638
2 Fischbach W. Malfertheiner P. Hoffmann JC. et al. S3-Leitlinie „Helicobacter pylori und gastroduodenale Ulkuskrankheit“ der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten (DGVS). In Zusammenarbeit mit der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie, Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Gastroenterologie und Ernährung e.V. und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Rheumatologie – AWMF-Register-Nr. 021/001. Z Gastroenterol 2009; 47: 68-102
3 Peleteiro B. Bastos A. Ferro A. et al. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection worldwide: a systematic review of studies with national coverage. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59: 1698-1709
4 Malfertheiner P. Chan FK. McColl KE. Peptic ulcer disease. Lancet 2009; 374: 1449-1461
5 Malaty HM. Evans DG. Evans Jr DJ. et al. Helicobacter pylori in Hispanics: comparison with blacks and whites of similar age and socioeconomic class. Gastroenterology 1992; 103: 813-816
6 Graham DY. Malaty HM. Evans DG. et al. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori in an asymptomatic population in the United States. Effect of age, race, and socioeconomic status. Gastroenterology 1991; 100: 1495-1501
7 Malaty HM. Graham DY. Importance of childhood socioeconomic status on the current prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection. Gut 1994; 35: 742-745
8 Mayerle J. den Hoed CM. Schurmann C. et al. Identification of genetic loci associated with Helicobacter pylori serologic status. JAMA 2013; 309: 1912-1920
9 Perez-Perez GI. Olivares AZ. Foo FY. et al. Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori in New York City populations originating in East Asia. J Urban Health 2005; 82: 510-516
10 Malaty HM. Kim JG. Kim SD. et al. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Korean children: inverse relation to socioeconomic status despite a uniformly high prevalence in adults. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 143: 257-262
11 Banatvala N. Mayo K. Megraud F. et al. The cohort effect and Helicobacter pylori. J Infect Dis 1993; 168: 219-221
12 Roosendaal R. Kuipers EJ. Buitenwerf J. et al. Helicobacter pylori and the birth cohort effect: evidence of a continuous decrease of infection rates in childhood. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92: 1480-1482
13 al-Moagel MA. Evans DG. Abdulghani ME. et al. Prevalence of Helicobacter (formerly Campylobacter) pylori infection in Saudi Arabia, and comparison of those with and without upper gastrointestinal symptoms. Am J Gastroenterol 1990; 85: 944-948
14 Weyermann M. Rothenbacher D. Brenner H. Acquisition of Helicobacter pylori infection in early childhood: independent contributions of infected mothers, fathers, and siblings. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104: 182-189
15 Grimm W. Fischbach W. Helicobacter pylori infection in children and juveniles: an epidemiological study on prevalence, socio-economic factors and symptoms. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2003; 128: 1878-1883
16 den Hoed CM. Vila AJ. Holster IL. et al. Helicobacter pylori and the birth cohort effect: evidence for stabilized colonization rates in childhood. Helicobacter 2011; 16: 405-409
17 Wex T. Venerito M. Kreutzer J. et al. Serological prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, in 2010. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2011; 18: 2109-2112
18 Michel A. Pawlita M. Boeing H. et al. Helicobacter pylori antibody patterns in Germany: a cross-sectional population study. Gut Pathog 2014; 6: 10
19 Gao L. Weck MN. Raum E. et al. Sibship size, Helicobacter pylori infection and chronic atrophic gastritis: a population-based study among 9444 older adults from Germany. Int J Epidemiol 2010; 39: 129-134
20 Porsch-Ozcürümez M. Doppl W. Hardt PD. et al. Impact of migration on Helicobacter pylori seroprevalence in the offspring of Turkish immigrants in Germany. Turk J Pediatr 2003; 45: 203-208
21 Parsonnet J. Shmuely H. Haggerty T. Fecal and oral shedding of Helicobacter pylori from healthy infected adults. JAMA 1999; 282: 2240-2245
22 Leung WK. Siu KL. Kwok CK. et al. Isolation of Helicobacter pylori from vomitus in children and its implication in gastro-oral transmission. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94: 2881-2884
23 Laporte R. Pernes P. Pronnier P. et al. Acquisition of Helicobacter pylori infection after outbreaks of gastroenteritis: prospective cohort survey in institutionalised young people. BMJ 2004; 329: 204-205
24 Bastos J. Carreira H. La Vecchia C. et al. Childcare attendance and Helicobacter pylori infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer Prev 2013; 22: 311-319
25 Handt LK. Fox JG. Dewhirst FE. et al. Helicobacter pylori isolated from the domestic cat: public health implications. Infect Immun 1994; 62: 2367-2374
26 Dore MP. Sepulveda AR. Osato MS. et al. Helicobacter pylori in sheep milk. Lancet 1999; 354: 132
27 Dore MP. Sepulveda AR. El-Zimaity H. et al. Isolation of Helicobacter pylori from sheep-implications for transmission to humans. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96: 1396-1401
28 Rocha GA. Rocha AM. Silva LD. et al. Transmission of Helicobacter pylori infection in families of preschool-aged children from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Trop Med Int Health 2003; 8: 987-991
29 Rothenbacher D. Winkler M. Gonser T. et al. Role of infected parents in transmission of helicobacter pylori to their children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002; 21: 674-679
30 Kivi M. Johansson AL. Reilly M. et al. Helicobacter pylori status in family members as risk factors for infection in children. Epidemiol Infect 2005; 133: 645-652
31 Tindberg Y. Bengtsson C. Granath F. et al. Helicobacter pylori infection in Swedish school children: lack of evidence of child-to-child transmission outside the family. Gastroenterology 2001; 121: 310-316
32 Han SR. Zschausch HC. Meyer HG. et al. Helicobacter pylori: clonal population structure and restricted transmission within families revealed by molecular typing. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: 3646-3651
33 Kivi M. Tindberg Y. Sorberg M. et al. Concordance of Helicobacter pylori strains within families. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 5604-5608
34 Mendall MA. Goggin PM. Molineaux N. et al. Childhood living conditions and Helicobacter pylori seropositivity in adult life. Lancet 1992; 339: 896-897
35 Jafar S. Jalil A. Soheila N. et al. Prevalence of helicobacter pylori infection in children, a population-based cross-sectional study in west Iran. Iran J Pediatr 2013; 23: 13-18
36 Carter F. Seaton T. Yuan Y. et al. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in children in the Bahamas. West Indian Med J 2012; 61: 698-702
37 Goodman KJ. Correa P. Transmission of Helicobacter pylori among siblings. Lancet 2000; 355: 358-362
38 Rowland M. Daly L. Vaughan M. et al. Age-specific incidence of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology 2006; 130: 65-72 quiz 211
39 Duque X. Vilchis J. Mera R. et al. Natural history of Helicobacter pylori infection in Mexican schoolchildren: incidence and spontaneous clearance. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2012; 55: 209-216
40 Goodman KJ. Correa P. Tengana Aux HJ. et al. Helicobacter pylori infection in the Colombian Andes: a population-based study of transmission pathways. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 144: 290-299
41 Glynn MK. Friedman CR. Gold BD. et al. Seroincidence of Helicobacter pylori infection in a cohort of rural Bolivian children: acquisition and analysis of possible risk factors. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35: 1059-1065
42 Aguemon BD. Struelens MJ. Massougbodji A. et al. Prevalence and risk factors for Helicobacter pylori infection in urban and rural Beninese populations. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005; 11: 611-617
43 Klein PD. Graham DY. Gaillour A. et al. Water source as risk factor for Helicobacter pylori infection in Peruvian children. Gastrointestinal Physiology Working Group. Lancet 1991; 337: 1503-1506
44 Hulten K. Han SW. Enroth H. et al. Helicobacter pylori in the drinking water in Peru. Gastroenterology 1996; 110: 1031-1035
45 Lu Y. Redlinger TE. Avitia R. et al. Isolation and genotyping of Helicobacter pylori from untreated municipal wastewater. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68: 1436-1439
46 Tomb JF. White O. Kerlavage AR. et al. The complete genome sequence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Nature 1997; 388: 539-547
47 Calvet X. Ramírez Lázaro MJ. Lehours P. et al. Diagnosis and epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 2013; 18 (Suppl. 01) 5-11
48 Yan TL. Hu QD. Zhang Q. et al. National rates of Helicobacter pylori recurrence are significantly and inversely correlated with human development index. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37: 963-968
49 Feydt-Schmidt A. Kindermann A. Konstantopoulos N. et al. Reinfection rate in children after successful Helicobacter pylori eradication. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002; 14: 1119-1123
50 Take S. Mizuno M. Ishiki K. et al. Reinfection rate of Helicobacter pylori after eradication treatment: a long-term prospective study in Japan. J Gastroenterol 2012; 47: 641-646
51 Rupnow MF. Shachter RD. Owens DK. et al. Quantifying the population impact of a prophylactic Helicobacter pylori vaccine. Vaccine 2001; 20: 879-885
52 Zeng M. Mao XH. Li JX. et al. Efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of an oral recombinant Helicobacter pylori vaccine in children in China: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2015; 386: 1457-1464
53 de Vries R. Klok RM. Brouwers JR. et al. Cost-effectiveness of a potential future Helicobacter pylori vaccine in the Netherlands: the impact of varying the discount rate for health. Vaccine 2009; 27: 846-852
54 Rupnow MF. Chang AH. Shachter RD. et al. Cost-effectiveness of a potential prophylactic Helicobacter pylori vaccine in the United States. J Infect Dis 2009; 200: 1311-1317
55 Rehmann A. Müller D. Krumbiegel P. et al. Spontaneous elimination of helicobacter pylori infection in children. Klin Padiatr 2005; 217: 15-17
56 Bair MJ. Wu MS. Chang WH. et al. Spontaneous clearance of Helicobacter pylori colonization in patients with partial gastrectomy correlates with operative procedures and duration after operation. J Formos Med Assoc 2009; 108: 13-19
57 Lin YS. Chen MJ. Shih SC. et al. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection after gastric surgery. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20: 5274-5282
58 O'Connor HJ. Dixon MF. Wyatt JI. et al. Effect of duodenal ulcer surgery and enterogastric reflux on Campylobacter pyloridis. Lancet 1986; 2: 1178-1181
59 Venerito M. Radünz M. Reschke K. et al. Autoimmune gastritis in autoimmune thyroid disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015; 41: 686-693
60 Malfertheiner P. Chan FK. McColl KE. Peptic ulcer disease. Lancet 2009; 374: 1449-1461
61 IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. A review of human carcinogens. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. 2012; 100(Pt B: 1-441 Biological agents. Volume 100 B
62 Fischbach W. Gastric Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma. Gastroenterol Clin N Am 2013; 42: 371-380
63 Huang JQ. Sridhar S. Chen Y. et al. Meta-analysis of the relationship between Helicobacter pylori seropositivity and gastric cancer. Gastroenterology 1998; 114: 1169-1179
64 Danesh J. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer: systematic review of the epidemiological studies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999; 13: 851-856
65 Eslick GD. Lim LL. Byles JE. et al. Association of Helicobacter pylori infection with gastric carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94: 2373-2379
66 Xue FB. Xu YY. Wan Y. et al. Association of H. pylori infection with gastric carcinoma: a meta analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2001; 7: 801-804
67 Huang JQ. Zheng GF. Sumanac K. et al. Meta-analysis of the relationship between cagA seropositivity and gastric cancer. Gastroenterology 2003; 125: 1636-1644
68 Helicobacter and Cancer Collaborative Group. Gastric cancer and Helicobacter pylori: a combined analysis of 12 studies nested within prospective cohorts. Gut 2001; 49: 347-353
69 Brenner H. Arndt V. Stegmaier C. et al. Is Helicobacter pylori infection a necessary condition for noncardia gastric cancer?. Am J Epidemiol 2004; 159: 252-258
70 Siman JH. Engstrand L. Berglund G. et al. Helicobacter pylori and CagA seropositivity and its association with gastric and oesophageal carcinoma. Scand J Gastroenterol 2007; 42: 933-940
71 Helicobacter and Cancer Collaborative Group. Gastric cancer and Helicobacter pylori: a combined analysis of 12 case control studies nested within prospective cohorts. Gut 2001; 49: 347-353
72 Parsonnet J. Hansen S. Rodriguez L. et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric lymphoma. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1267-1271
73 Solnick JV. Schauer DB. Emergence of diverse Helicobacter species in the pathogenesis of gastric and enterohepatic diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001; 14: 59-97
74 Morgner A. Lehn N. Andersen LP. et al. Helicobacter heilmannii-associated primary gastric low-grade MALT lymphoma: complete remission after curing the infection. Gastroenterology 2000; 118: 821-828
75 Chen Y. Segers S. Blaser MJ. Association between Helicobacter pylori and mortality in the NHANES III study. Gut 2013; 62: 1262-1269
76 Xie FJ. Zhang YP. Zheng QQ. et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and esophageal cancer risk: an updated meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19: 6098-6107
77 Taye B. Enquselassie F. Tsegaye A. et al. Is Helicobacter Pylori infection inversely associated with atopy? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 45: 882-890
78 Kim MS. Kim N. Kim SE. et al. Long-term follow-up Helicobacter pylori reinfection rate and its associated factors in Korea. Helicobacter 2013; 18: 135-142
79 Peters C. Schablon A. Harling M. et al. The occupational risk of Helicobacter pylori infection among gastroenterologists and their assistants. BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11: 154
80 Stone MA. Taub N. Barnett DB. et al. Increased risk of infection with Helicobacter pylori in spouses of infected subjects: observations in a general population sample from the UK. Hepatogastroenterology 2000; 47: 433-436
81 Brenner H. Weyermann M. Rothenbacher D. Clustering of Helicobacter pylori infection in couples: differences between high- and low-prevalence population groups. Ann Epidemiol 2006; 16: 516-520
82 Luman W. Zhao Y. Ng HS. et al. Helicobacter pylori infection is unlikely to be transmitted between partners: evidence from genotypic study in partners of infected patients. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002; 14: 521-528
83 Gisbert JP. Arata IG. Boixeda D. et al. Role of partner's infection in reinfection after Helicobacter pylori eradication. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002; 14: 865-871
84 Cutler AF. Havstad S. Ma CK. et al. Accuracy of invasive and noninvasive tests to diagnose Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastroenterology 1995; 109: 136-141
85 Thijs JC. van Zwet AA. Thijs WJ. et al. Diagnostic tests for Helicobacter pylori: a prospective evaluation of their accuracy, without selecting a single test as the gold standard. Am J Gastroenterol 1996; 91: 2125-2129
86 Laheij RJ. de Boer WA. Jansen JB. et al. Diagnostic performance of biopsy-based methods for determination of Helicobacter pylori infection without a reference standard. J Clin Epidemiol 2000; 53: 742-746
87 Gisbert JP. de la Moreana MF. Abraira V. Accuracy of monoclonal stool antigen test for the diagnosis of H. pylori infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101: 1921-1930
88 Calvet X. Lario S. Ramirez-Lazaro MJ. et al. Comparative accuracy of 3 monoclonal stool tests for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection among patients with dyspepsia. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 50: 323-328
89 Deguchi R. Matsushima M. Suzuki T. et al. Comparison of a monoclonal with a polyclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassay stool test in diagnosing Helicobacter pylori infection after eradication therapy. J Gastroenterol 2009; 44: 713-716
90 Gisbert JP. Pajares JM. Review article: C-urea breath test in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection -- a critical review. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004; 20: 1001-1017
91 Korkmaz H. Kesli R. Karabagli P. et al. Comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of five different stool antigen tests for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 2013; 18: 384-391
92 Dixon MF. Genta RM. Yardley JH. et al. Classification and grading of gastritis. The updated Sydney System. International Workshop on the Histopathology of Gastritis, Houston 1994. Am J Surg Pathol 1996; 20: 1161-1181
93 Genta RM. Graham DY. Comparison of biopsy sites for the histopathologic diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori: a topographic study of H. pylori density and distribution. Gastrointest Endosc 1994; 40: 342-345
94 El-Zimaity HM. Graham DY. Evaluation of gastric mucosal biopsy site and number for identification of Helicobacter pylori or intestinal metaplasia: role of the Sydney System. Hum Pathol 1999; 30: 72-77
95 Craanen ME. Blok P. Dekker W. et al. Subtypes of intestinal metaplasia and Helicobacter pylori. Gut 1992; 33: 597-600
96 Sudraba A. Daugule I. Rudzite D. et al. Performance of routine Helicobacter pylori tests in patients with atrophic gastritis. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2011; 20: 349-354
97 Lan HC. Chen TS. Li AF. et al. Additional corpus biopsy enhances the detection of Helicobacter pylori infection in a background of gastritis with atrophy. BMC Gastroenterol 2012; 12: 182
98 Stolte M. Muller H. Talley NJ. et al. In patients with Helicobacter pylori gastritis and functional dyspepsia, a biopsy from the incisura angularis provides useful diagnostic information. Pathol Res Pract 2006; 202: 405-413
99 Dinis-Ribeiro M. Areia M. de Vries AC. et al. Management of precancerous conditions and lesions in the stomach (MAPS): guideline from the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), European Helicobacter Study Group (EHSG), European Society of Pathology (ESP), and the Sociedade Portuguesa de Endoscopia Digestiva (SPED). Endoscopy 2012; 44: 74-94
100 Rugge M. Genta RM. Staging and grading of chronic gastritis. Hum Pathol 2005; 36: 228-233
101 Laine L. Lewin DW. Naritoku W. et al. Prospective comparison of H&E, Giemsa, and genta stains for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori. Gastrointest Endosc 1997; 45: 463-467
102 Fallone CA. Loo VG. Lough J. et al. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of gastric tissue for the detection of Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 1997; 2: 32-35
103 Guidelines for clinical trials in Helicobacter pylori infection. Working Party of the European Helicobacter Pylori Study Group. Gut 1997; 41 (Suppl. 02) S1-S9
104 Megraud F. Lehours P. Helicobacter pylori detection and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007; 20: 280-322
105 Selgrad M. Tammer I. Bornschein J. et al. Different antibiotic susceptibility between antrum and corpus of the stomach, a possible reason for treatment failure of Helicobacter pylori infection. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20: 16245-16251
106 Anderson JC. Cheng E. Roeske M. et al. Detection of serum antibodies to Helicobacter pylori by an immunochromatographic method. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92: 1135-1139
107 Calvet X. Lario S. Ramírez-Lázaro MJ. et al. Accuracy of monoclonal stool tests for determining cure of Helicobacter pylori infection after treatment. Helicobacter 2010; 15: 201-205
108 Calvet X. Lario S. Ramírez-Lázaro MJ. et al. Comparative accuracy of 3 monoclonal stool tests for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection among patients with dyspepsia. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 50: 323-328
109 Brandi G. Biavati B. Calabrese C. et al. Urease-positive bacteria other than Helicobacter pylori in human gastric juice and mucosa. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101: 1756-1761
110 Urita Y. Hike K. Torii N. et al. Influence of urease activity in the intestinal tract on the results of 13C-urea breath test. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 21: 744-747
111 Capurso G. Carnuccio A. Lahner E. et al. Corpus-predominant gastritis as a risk factor for false-negative 13C-urea breath test results. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 24: 1453-1460
112 Lehours P. Ruskone-Fourmestraux A. Lavergne A. et al. Which test to use to detect Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with low-grade gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma?. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 291-295
113 Gisbert JP. Abraira V. Accuracy of Helicobacter pylori diagnostic tests in patients with bleeding peptic ulcer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101: 848-863
114 Rimbara E. Sasatsu M. Graham DY. PCR detection of Helicobacter pylori in clinical samples. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 943: 279-287
115 Saez J. Belda S. Santibanez M. et al. Real-time PCR for diagnosing Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding: comparison with other classical diagnostic methods. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50: 3233-3237
116 Tian XY. Zhu H. Zhao J. et al. Diagnostic performance of urea breath test, rapid urea test, and histology for Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with partial gastrectomy: a meta-analysis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2012; 46: 285-292
117 Shimoyama T. Kato C. Kodama M. et al. Applicability of a monoclonal antibody based stool antigen test to evaluate the results of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. Jpn J Infect Dis 2009; 62: 225-227
118 Malfertheiner P. Megraud F. O’Morain CA. et al. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection – the Maastricht IV/Florence Consensus Report. Gut 2012; 61: 646-664
119 Haley KP. Gaddy JA. Helicobacter pylori: genomic insight into the host-pathogen interaction. Int J Genomics 2015; 2015: 386905
120 Wüppenhorst N. Draeger S. Stüger HP. et al. Prospective multicentre study on antimicrobial resistance of Helicobacter pylori in Germany. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 69: 3127-3133
121 Wueppenhorst N. Stueger HP. Kist M. et al. High secondary resistance to quinolones in German Helicobacter pylori clinical isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68: 1562-1566
122 Best LM. Haldane DJ. Keelan M. et al. Multilaboratory comparison of proficiencies in susceptibility testing of Helicobacter pylori and correlation between agar dilution and E test methods. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47: 3138-3144
123 Grignon B. Tankovic J. Megraud F. et al. Validation of diffusion methods for macrolide susceptibility testing of Helicobacter pylori. Microb Drug Resist 2002; 8: 61-66
124 Perna F. Gatta L. Figura N. et al. Susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to metronidazole. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 2157-2161
125 Schmitt BH. Regner M. Mangold KA. et al. PCR detection of clarithromycin-susceptible and -resistant Helicobacter pylori from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded gastric biopsies. Mod Pathol 2013; 26: 1222-1227
126 Megraud F. Lehours P. Helicobacter pylori detection and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007; 20: 280-322
127 Cambau E. Allerheiligen V. Coulon C. et al. Evaluation of a new test, genotype HelicoDR, for molecular detection of antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47: 3600-3607
128 Oleastro M. Ménard A. Santos A. et al. Real-time PCR assay for rapid and accurate detection of point mutations conferring resistance to clarithromycin in Helicobacter pylori. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 397-402
129 Miendje Deyi VY. Burette A. Bentatou Z. et al. Practical use of GenoType® HelicoDR, a molecular test for Helicobacter pylori detection and susceptibility testing. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 70: 557-560
130 Liou JM. Chen CC. Chang CY. et al. Efficacy of genotypic resistance-guided sequential therapy in the third-line treatment of refractory Helicobacter pylori infection: a multicentre clinical trial. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68: 450-456
131 Ford AC. Delaney BC. Forman D. et al. Eradication therapy for peptic ulcer disease in Helicobacter pylori positive patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 2: CD003840
132 Laine L. Hopkins RJ. Girardi LS. Has the impact of Helicobacter pylori therapy on ulcer recurrence in the United States been overstated? A meta-analysis of rigorously designed trials. Am J Gastroenterol 1998; 93: 1409-1415
133 Leodolter A. Kulig M. Brasch H. et al. A meta-analysis comparing eradication, healing and relapse rates in patients with Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric or duodenal ulcer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001; 15: 1949-1958
134 Liu CC. Lee CL. Chan CC. et al. Maintenance treatment is not necessary after Helicobacter pylori eradication and healing of bleeding peptic ulcer: a 5-year prospective, randomized, controlled study. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 2020-2024
135 Malfertheiner P. Megraud F. O'Morain C. et al. Current concepts in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection: the Maastricht III Consensus Report. Gut 2007; 56: 772-781
136 Sharma VK. Sahai AV. Corder FA. et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication is superior to ulcer healing with or without maintenance therapy to prevent further ulcer haemorrhage. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001; 15: 1939-1947
137 Sonnenberg A. Olson CA. Zhang J. The effect of antibiotic therapy on bleeding from duodenal ulcer. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94: 950-954
138 Ruskoné-Fourmestraux A. Fischbach W. Aleman BMP. et al. EGILS consensus report. Gastric extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma of MALT. Gut 2011; 60: 747-758
139 Zullo A. Hassan C. Cristofari F. et al. Effects of Helicobacter pylori eradication on early stage gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 8: 105-110
140 Fischbach W. Goebeler-Kolve ME. Dragosics B. et al. Long term outcome of patients with gastric marginal zone B cell lymphoma of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) following exclusive Helicobacter pylori eradication: experience from a large prospective series. Gut 2004; 53: 34-37
141 Wündisch T. Dieckhoff P. Greene B. et al. Second cancers and residual disease in patients treated for gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma by Helicobacter pylori eradication and followed for 10 years. Gastroenterology 2012; 143: 936-942
142 Fischbach W. Goebeler ME. Ruskone-Fourmestraux A. et al. Most patients with minimal histological residuals of gastric MALT lymphoma after successful eradication of Helicobacter pylori can be safely managed by a watch-and-wait strategy. Experience from a large international series. Gut 2007; 56: 1685-1687
143 Zullo A. Hassan C. Ridola L. et al. Eradication therapy in Helicobacter pylori-negative, gastric low-grade mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma patients. A systematic review. J Clin Gastroenterol 2013; 47: 824-827
144 Morgner A. Miehlke S. Fischbach W. et al. Complete remission of primary high-grade B-cell gastric lymphoma after cure of Helicobacter pylori infection. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 2041-2048
145 Chen LT. Lin JT. Tai JJ. et al. Long-term results of anti-Helicobacter pylori therapy in early-stage gastric high-grade transformed MALT lymphoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97: 1345-1353
146 Kuo SH. Yeh KH. Wu MS. Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy is effective in the treatment of early-stage H. pylori-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. Blood 2012; 119: 4838-4844
147 Moayyedi P. Deeks J. Talley NJ. et al. An update of the Cochrane systematic review of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy in nonulcer dyspepsia: resolving the discrepancy between systematic reviews. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 2621-2626
148 Zhao B. Zhao J. Cheng WF. et al. Efficacy of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy on functional dyspepsia. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies with 12-month follow-up. J Clin Gastroenterol 2014; 48: 241-247
149 Xu S. Wan X. Zheng X. et al. Symptom improvement after helicobacter pylori eradication in patients with functional dyspepsia – a multicenter, randomized, prospective cohort study. Int J Clin Exp Med 2013; 6: 747-756
150 Zhao W. Zhong X. Zhuang X. et al. Evaluation of Helicobacter pylori eradication and drug therapy in patients with functional dyspepsia. Exp Ther Med 2013; 6: 37-44
151 Kim SEK. Park YS. Kim N. et al. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on functional dyspepsia. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 19: 233-243
152 Sodhi JS. Javid G. Zargar SA. et al. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and the effect of its eradication on symptoms of functional dyspepsia in Kashmir, India. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28: 808-813
153 Lan L. Yu J. Chen YL. et al. Symptom-based tendencies of Helicobacter pylori eradication in patients with functional dyspepsia. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17: 3242-3247
154 Mazzoleni LE. Sander GB. Francesconi CF. et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication in functional dyspepsia. HEROES trial. Arch Intern Med 2011; 171: 1929-1936
155 Sugano K. Tack J. Kuipers EJ. et al. Kyoto global consensus report on Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Gut 2015; 64: 1353-1367
156 Harvey RF. Lane JA. Nair P. et al. Clinical trial: prolonged beneficial effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on dyspepsia consultations – the Bristol helicobacter project. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 394-400
157 Suzuki H. Moayyedi P. Helicobacter pylori infection in functional dyspepsia. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 10: 168-174
158 Cullen D. Hawkey G. Greenwood D. et al. H. pylori and gastroesophageal reflux disease: a community-based study. Helicobacter 2008; 13: 352-360
159 Nam SY. Choi IJ. Ryu KH. et al. Effect of Helicobacter pylori Infection and its eradication on reflux esophagitis and reflux symptoms. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 2153-2162
160 Ashktorab H. Entezari O. Nouraie M. et al. Helicobacter pylori protection against reflux esophagitis. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57: 2924-2928
161 Xie T. Cui X. Zheng H. et al. Meta-analysis: eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with the development of endoscopic gastroesophageal reflux disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 25: 1195-1205
162 Rokkas T. Pistiolas D. Sechopoulos P. et al. Relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and esophageal neoplasia: a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 5: 1413-1417
163 Wang C. Yuan Y. Hunt RH. Helicobacter pylori infection and Barrett’s esophagus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104: 492-500
164 Yaghoobi M. Farrokhyar F. Yuan Y. et al. Is there an increased risk of GERD after Helicobacter pylori eradication?: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 1007-1013
165 Qian B. Shijie M. Shang L. et al. Effect of H. pylori eradication on gastroesophageal reflux disease. Helicobacter 2011; 121: 1120-1126
166 Rodriguez L. Faria CM. Geocze S. et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication does not influence gastroeosphageal reflux disease: a prospective, parallel, randomized, open-label, controlled trial. Arq Gastroenterol 2012; 49: 56-63
167 Saad AM. Choudhary A. Bechtold ML. Effect of Helicobacter pylori treatment on gastroesopha-geal reflux disease (GERD): meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Scand J Gastroenterol 2012; 47: 129-135
168 Hirata K. Suzuki H. Matsuzaki J. et al. Improvement of reflux symptom related quality of life after Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2013; 52: 172-178
169 Lundell L. Vieth M. Gibson F. et al. Systematic review: the effects of long-term proton pump inhibitor use on serum gastrin levels and gastric histology. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015; 42: 649-663
170 Arnold DM. Bernotas A. Nazi I. et al. Platelet count response to H pylori treatment in patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura with and without H. pylori infection: a systematic review. Haematologica 2009; 94: 850-856
171 Stasi R. Sarpatwari A. Segal JB. et al. Effects of eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura: A systematic review. Blood 2009; 113: 1231-1240
172 Russo G. Miraglia V. Branciforte F. et al. Effect of eradication of Helicobacter pylori in children with chronic immune thrombocytopenia: a prospective, controlled, multicenter study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 56: 273-278
173 Yoshimura M. Hirai M. Tanaka N. et al. Remission of severe anemia persisting for over 20 years after eradication of Helicobacter pylori in cases of Menetrier’s disease and atrophic gastritis: Helicobacter pylori as a pathogenic factor in iron-deficiency anemia. Intern Med 2003; 42: 971-977
174 Kawasaki M. Hizawa K. Aoyagi K. et al. Menetrier’s disease associated with Helicobacter pylori infection: resolution of enlarged gastric folds and hypoproteinemia after antibacterial treatment. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92: 1909-1912
175 Yamada M. Sumazaki R. Adachi H. et al. Resolution of protein-losing hypertrophic gastropathy by eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Eur J Pediatr 1997; 156: 182-185
176 Bayerdörffer E. Ritter MM. Hatz R. et al. Healing of protein losing hypertrophic gastropathy by eradication of Helicobacter pylori--is Helicobacter pylori a pathogenic factor in Menetrier's disease?. Gut 1994; 35: 701-704
177 Madsen LG. Taskiran M. Madsen JL. et al. Menetrier`s disease and Helicobacter pylori. Normalization of gastrointestinal protein loss after eradication therapy. Dig Dis Sci 1999; 44: 2307-2312
178 Badov D. Lambert JR. Finlay M. et al. Helicobacter pylori as a pathogenetic factor in Menetrier’s disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1998; 93: 1976-1979
179 Kim MJ. Eom DW. Park K. Helicobacter pylori associated lymphocytic gastritis in a child. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2014; 17: 186-190
180 Hayat M. Arora D. Clark B. et al. Effects of Helicobacter pylori eradication on the natural history of lymphocytic gastritis. Gut 1999; 45: 495-498
181 Madisch A. Miehlke S. Neuber F. et al. Healing of lymphocytic gastritis after Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy--a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 23: 473-479
182 Muhsen K. Cohen D. Helicobacter pylori infection and iron stores: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Helicobacter 2008; 13: 323-340
183 Qu XH. Huang XL. Xiong P. et al. Does Helicobacter pylori infection play a role in iron deficiency anemia?. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16: 886-896
184 Queiroz DMM. Harris PR. Sanderson IR. et al. Iron status and Helicobacter pylori infection in symptomatic children: an international multicentered study. PLOS One 2013; 8: e68833
185 Duque X. Moran S. Mera R. et al. Effect of eradication of Helicobacter pylori and iron supplementation on the iron status of children with iron deficiency. Arch Med Res 2010; 41: 38-45
186 Kotb NA. Bedewy MM. Soliman HH. et al. The impact of H. pylori eradication on response to oral iron therapy in patients with iron deficiency anemia. Egypt J Immunol 2012; 19: 11-18
187 Chan FKL. Chung SC. Suen BY. et al. Preventing recurrent upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with helicobacter pylori infection who are taking low-dose aspirin or naproxen. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 967-973
188 Chan FKL. Ching JYL. Suen BY. et al. Effects of Helicobacter pylori infection on long-term risk of peptic ulcer bleeding in low-dose aspirin users. Gastroenterology 2013; 144: 528-535
189 Chan FK. To KF. Wu JC. et al. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori and risk of peptic ulcers in patients starting long-term treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a randomised trial. Lancet 2002; 359: 9-13
190 Lai KC. Lau CS. Ip WY. et al. Effect of treatment of Helicobacter pylori on the prevention of gastroduodenal ulcers in patients receiving long-term NSAIDs: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 17: 799-805
191 Vergara M. Catalan M. Gisbert JP. et al. Meta-analysis: role of Helicobacter pylori eradication in the prevention of peptic ulcer in NSAID users. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005; 21: 1411-1418
192 Lai KC. Lam SK. Chu KM. et al. Lansoprazole reduces ulcer relapse after eradication of Helicobacter pylori in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug users--a randomized trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 18: 829-836
193 Hawkey CJ. Tulassay Z. Szczepanski L. et al. Randomised controlled trial of Helicobacter pylori eradication in patients on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: HELP NSAIDs study. Helicobacter Eradication for Lesion Prevention. Lancet 1998; 352: 1016-1021
194 de Leest HT. Steen KS. Lems WF. et al. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori does not reduce the incidence of gastroduodenal ulcers in patients on long-term NSAID treatment: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Helicobacter 2007; 12: 477-485
195 Ekstrom AM. Hansson LE. Signorello LB. et al. Decreasing incidence of both major histologic subtypes of gastric adenocarcinoma--a population-based study in Sweden. Br J Cancer 2000; 83: 391-396
196 Wang C. Yuan Y. Hunt RH. The association between Helicobacter pylori infection and early gastric cancer: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102: 1789-1798
197 Derks S. Bass AJ. Mutational signatures in Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric cancer: lessons from new sequencing technologies. Gastroenterology 2014; 147: 267-269
198 Shimizu T. Marusawa H. Matsumoto Y. et al. Accumulation of somatic mutations in TP53 in gastric epithelium with Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastroenterology 2014; 147: 407-417
199 Stoicov C. Saffari R. Cai X. et al. Molecular biology of gastric cancer: Helicobacter infection and gastric adenocarcinoma: bacterial and host factors responsible for altered growth signaling. Gene 2004; 341: 1-17
200 Kodaman N. Pazos A. Schneider BG. et al. Human and Helicobacter pylori coevolution shapes the risk of gastric disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2014; 111: 1455-1460
201 Bornschein J. Leja M. Kupcinskas J. et al. Molecular diagnostics in gastric cancer. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2014; 19: 312-338
202 Ekstrom AM. Eriksson M. Hansson LE. et al. Occupational exposures and risk of gastric cancer in a population-based case-control study. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 5932-5937
203 Miehlke S. Kirsch C. Agha-Amiri K. et al. The Helicobacter pylori vacA s1, m1 genotype and cagA is associated with gastric carcinoma in Germany. Int J Cancer 2000; 87: 322-327
204 Basso D. Zambon CF. Letley DP. et al. Clinical relevance of Helicobacter pylori cagA and vacA gene polymorphisms. Gastroenterology 2008; 135: 91-99
205 Jang S. Jones KR. Olsen CH. et al. Epidemiological link between gastric disease and polymorphisms in VacA and CagA. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48: 559-567
206 Rizzato C. Torres J. Plummer M. et al. Variations in Helicobacter pylori cytotoxin-associated genes and their influence in progression to gastric cancer: implications for prevention. PLoS One 2012; 7: e29605
207 Ekstrom AM. Serafini M. Nyren O. et al. Dietary antioxidant intake and the risk of cardia cancer and noncardia cancer of the intestinal and diffuse types: a population-based case-control study in Sweden. Int J Cancer 2000; 87: 133-140
208 Gonzalez CA. Jakszyn P. Pera G. et al. Meat intake and risk of stomach and esophageal adenocarcinoma within the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98: 345-354
209 Gonzalez CA. Lopez-Carrillo L. Helicobacter pylori, nutrition and smoking interactions: their impact in gastric carcinogenesis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2010; 45: 6-14
210 Sung JJ. Lin SR. Ching JY. et al. Atrophy and intestinal metaplasia one year after cure of H. pylori infection: a prospective, randomized study. Gastroenterology 2000; 119: 7-14
211 Siewert JR. Stein HJ. Classification of adenocarcinoma of the oesophagogastric junction. Br J Surg 1998; 85: 1457-1459
212 Bornschein J. Selgrad M. Warnecke M. et al. H. pylori infection is a key risk factor for proximal gastric cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55: 3124-3131
213 Cavaleiro-Pinto M. Peleteiro B. Lunet N. et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cardia cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control 2011; 22: 375-387
214 Derakhshan MH. Malekzadeh R. Watabe H. et al. Combination of gastric atrophy, reflux symptoms and histological subtype indicates two distinct aetiologies of gastric cardia cancer. Gut 2008; 57: 298-305
215 Hansen S. Vollset SE. Derakhshan MH. et al. Two distinct aetiologies of cardia cancer; evidence from premorbid serological markers of gastric atrophy and Helicobacter pylori status. Gut 2007; 56: 918-925
216 Peleteiro B. Cavaleiro-Pinto M. Barros R. et al. Is cardia cancer aetiologically different from distal stomach cancer?. Eur J Cancer Prev 2011; 20: 96-101
217 McColl KE. Watabe H. Derakhshan MH. Role of gastric atrophy in mediating negative association between Helicobacter pylori infection and reflux oesophagitis, Barrett's oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Gut 2008; 57: 721-723
218 Bornschein J. Dingwerth A. Selgrad M. et al. Adenocarcinomas at different positions at the gastro-oesophageal junction show distinct association with gastritis and gastric preneoplastic conditions. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 27: 492-500
219 PJ DEJ. Wolters LM. Steyerberg EW. et al. Environmental risk factors in the development of adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus or gastric cardia: a cross-sectional study in a Dutch cohort. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 26: 31-39
220 Tajima Y. Yamazaki K. Makino R. et al. Differences in the histological findings, phenotypic marker expressions and genetic alterations between adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia and distal stomach. Br J Cancer 2007; 96: 631-638
221 Crew KD. Neugut AI. Epidemiology of gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 354-362
222 Islami F. Kamangar F. Helicobacter pylori and esophageal cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2008; 1: 329-338
223 Xie FJ. Zhang YP. Zheng QQ. et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and esophageal cancer risk: an updated meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19: 6098-6107
224 Anderson LA. Murphy SJ. Johnston BT. et al. Relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric atrophy and the stages of the oesophageal inflammation, metaplasia, adenocarcinoma sequence: results from the FINBAR case-control study. Gut 2008; 57: 734-739
225 Meining A. Stolte M. Close correlation of intestinal metaplasia and corpus gastritis in patients infected with Helicobacter pylori. Z Gastroenterol 2002; 40: 557-560
226 Matsuhisa T. Matsukura N. Yamada N. Topography of chronic active gastritis in Helicobacter pylori-positive Asian populations: age-, gender-, and endoscopic diagnosis-matched study. J Gastroenterol 2004; 39: 324-328
227 Imagawa S. Yoshihara M. Ito M. et al. Evaluation of gastric cancer risk using topography of histological gastritis: a large-scaled cross-sectional study. Dig Dis Sci 2008; 53: 1818-1823
228 Miehlke S. Hackelsberger A. Meining A. et al. Severe expression of corpus gastritis is characteristic in gastric cancer patients infected with Helicobacter pylori. Br J Cancer 1998; 78: 263-266
229 Meining AG. Bayerdorffer E. Stolte M. Helicobacter pylori gastritis of the gastric cancer phenotype in relatives of gastric carcinoma patients. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999; 11: 717-720
230 Meining A. Riedl B. Stolte M. Features of gastritis predisposing to gastric adenoma and early gastric cancer. J Clin Pathol 2002; 55: 770-773
231 Oberhuber G. Stolte M. Gastric polyps: an update of their pathology and biological significance. Virchows Arch 2000; 437: 581-590
232 Malfertheiner P. Megraud F. O’Morain CA. et al. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection--the Maastricht IV/ Florence Consensus Report. Gut 2012; 61: 646-664
233 Fuccio L. Zagari RM. Eusebi LH. et al. Meta-analysis: can Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment reduce the risk for gastric cancer?. Ann Intern Med 2009; 151: 121-128
234 Kosunen TU. Pukkala E. Sarna S. et al. Gastric cancers in Finnish patients after cure of Helicobacter pylori infection: A cohort study. Int J Cancer 2011; 128: 433-439
235 Ogura K. Hirata Y. Yanai A. et al. The effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on reducing the incidence of gastric cancer. J Clin Gastroenterol 2008; 42: 279-283
236 Ford AC. Forman D. Hunt RH. et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy to prevent gastric cancer in healthy asymptomatic infected individuals: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2014; 348: g3174
237 Wong BC. Lam SK. Wong WM. et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication to prevent gastric cancer in a high-risk region of China: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 291: 187-194
238 Shiotani A. Uedo N. Iishi H. et al. Predictive factors for metachronous gastric cancer in high-risk patients after successful Helicobacter pylori eradication. Digestion 2008; 78: 113-119
239 Maehata Y. Nakamura S. Fujisawa K. et al. Long-term effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on the development of metachronous gastric cancer after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 75: 39-46
240 Fukase K. Kato M. Kikuchi S. et al. Effect of eradication of Helicobacter pylori on incidence of metachronous gastric carcinoma after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer: an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008; 372: 392-397
241 Kwon YH. Heo J. Lee HS. et al. Failure of Helicobacter pylori eradication and age are independent risk factors for recurrent neoplasia after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer in 283 patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 39: 609-618
242 Seo JY. Lee DH. Cho Y. et al. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori reduces metachronous gastric cancer after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer. Hepatogastroenterology 2013; 60: 776-780
243 Toyokawa T. Suwaki K. Miyake Y. et al. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection improved gastric mucosal atrophy and prevented progression of intestinal metaplasia, especially in the elderly population: a long-term prospective cohort study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 25: 544-547
244 Li WQ. Ma JL. Zhang L. et al. Effects of Helicobacter pylori treatment on gastric cancer incidence and mortality in subgroups. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 106
245 Kodama M. Murakami K. Okimoto T. et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication improves gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia in long-term observation. Digestion 2012; 85: 126-130
246 Rugge M. Genta RM. Staging gastritis: an international proposal. Gastroenterology 2005; 129: 1807-1808
247 Rugge M. Meggio A. Pennelli G. et al. Gastritis staging in clinical practice: the OLGA staging system. Gut 2007; 56: 631-636
248 Capelle LG. de Vries AC. Haringsma J. et al. The staging of gastritis with the OLGA system by using intestinal metaplasia as an accurate alternative for atrophic gastritis. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 71: 1150-1158
249 Forman D. Graham DY. Review article: impact of Helicobacter pylori on society-role for a strategy of ‘search and eradicate’. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004; 19 (Suppl. 01) 17-21
250 Lansdorp-Vogelaar I. Sharp L. Cost-effectiveness of screening and treating Helicobacter pylori for gastric cancer prevention. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2013; 27: 933-947
251 Cho SJ. Choi IJ. Kook MC. et al. Randomised clinical trial: the effects of Helicobacter pylori eradication on glandular atrophy and intestinal metaplasia after subtotal gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 38: 477-489
252 Wu CY. Kuo KN. Wu MS. et al. Early Helicobacter pylori eradication decreases risk of gastric cancer in patients with peptic ulcer disease. Gastroenterology 2009; 137: 1641-1648
253 Yang HB. Sheu BS. Wang ST. et al. H. pylori eradication prevents the progression of gastric intestinal metaplasia in reflux esophagitis patients using long-term esomeprazole. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104: 1642-1649
254 Rokkas T. Sechopoulos P. Pistiolas D. et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric histology in first-degree relatives of gastric cancer patients: a meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 22: 1128-1133
255 Shin CM. Kim N. Yang HJ. et al. Stomach cancer risk in gastric cancer relatives: interaction between Helicobacter pylori infection and family history of gastric cancer for the risk of stomach cancer. J Clin Gastroenterol 2010; 44: e34-e39
256 Niv Y. Hazazi R. Helicobacter pylori recurrence in developed and developing countries: meta-analysis of 13C-urea breath test follow-up after eradication. Helicobacter 2008; 13: 56-61
257 Brenner H. Rothenbacher D. Bode G. et al. Active infection with Helicobacter pylori in healthy couples. Epidemiol Infect 1999; 122: 91-95
258 Fischbach W. Jung T. Goebeler-Kolve M. et al. Comparative analysis of the Helicobacter pylori status in patients with gastric MALT-type lymphoma and their respective spouses. Z Gastroenterol 2000; 38: 627-630
259 Gisbert JP. Arata IG. Boixeda D. et al. Role of partner’s infection in reinfection after Helicobacter pylori eradication. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002; 14: 865-871
260 Knippig C. Arand F. Leodolter A. et al. Prevalence of H. pylori-infection in family members of H. pylori positive and its influence on the reinfection rate after successful eradication therapy: a two-year follow-up. Z Gastroenterol 2002; 40: 383-387
261 El-Omar EM. Carrington M. Chow WH. et al. Interleukin-1 polymorphisms associated with increased risk of gastric cancer. Nature 2000; 404: 398-402
262 Vincenzi B. Patti G. Galluzzo S. et al. Interleukin 1beta-511T gene (IL1beta) polymorphism is correlated with gastric cancer in the Caucasian population: results from a meta-analysis. Oncol Rep 2008; 20: 1213-1220
263 Camargo MC. Mera R. Correa P. et al. IL1B polymorphisms and gastric cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16: 635
264 Xue H. Lin B. Ni P. et al. Interleukin-1B and interleukin-1 RN polymorphisms and gastric carcinoma risk: a meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 25: 1604-1617
265 He B. Zhang Y. Pan Y. et al. Interleukin 1 beta (IL1B) promoter polymorphism and cancer risk: evidence from 47 published studies. Mutagenesis 2011; 26: 637-642
266 Xu J. Yin Z. Cao S. et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis on the association between IL-1B polymorphisms and cancer risk. PLoS One 2013; 8: e63654
267 Gorouhi F. Islami F. Bahrami H. et al. Tumour-necrosis factor-A polymorphisms and gastric cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 2008; 98: 1443-1451
268 Li M. Wang Y. Gu Y. Quantitative assessment of the influence of tumor necrosis factor alpha polymorphism with gastritis and gastric cancer risk. Tumour Biol 2014; 35: 1495-1502
269 Yu JY. Li L. Ma H. et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha 238 G/A polymorphism and gastric cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Tumour Biol 2013; 34: 3859-3863
270 Zhu F. Zhao H. Tian X. et al. Association between tumor necrosis factor-alpha rs1800629 polymorphism and risk of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis. Tumour Biol 2014; 35: 1799-1803
271 Pan F. Tian J. Pan YY. et al. Association of IL-10-1082 promoter polymorphism with susceptibility to gastric cancer: evidence from 22 case-control studies. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39: 7143-7154
272 Xue H. Wang YC. Lin B. et al. A meta-analysis of interleukin-10 -592 promoter polymorphism associated with gastric cancer risk. PLoS One 2012; 7: e39868
273 Liu L. Zhuang W. Wang C. et al. Interleukin-8 -251 A/T gene polymorphism and gastric cancer susceptibility: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Cytokine 2010; 50: 328-334
274 Wang J. Pan HF. Hu YT. et al. Polymorphism of IL-8 in 251 allele and gastric cancer susceptibility: a meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55: 1818-1823
275 Xue H. Liu J. Lin B. et al. A meta-analysis of interleukin-8 -251 promoter polymorphism associated with gastric cancer risk. PLoS One 2012; 7: e28083
276 Mayerle J. den Hoed CM. Schurmann C. et al. Identification of genetic loci associated with Helicobacter pylori serologic status. JAMA 2013; 309: 1912-1920
277 Castano-Rodriguez N. Kaakoush NO. Goh KL. et al. The role of TLR2, TLR4 and CD14 genetic polymorphisms in gastric carcinogenesis: a case-control study and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8: e60327
278 Zhang K. Zhou B. Wang Y. et al. The TLR4 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 946-954
279 Zou TH. Wang ZH. Fang JY. Positive association between Toll-like receptor 4 gene +896A/G polymorphism and susceptibility to gastric carcinogenesis: a meta-analysis. Tumour Biol 2013; 34: 2441-2450
280 Persson C. Canedo P. Machado JC. et al. Polymorphisms in inflammatory response genes and their association with gastric cancer: A HuGE systematic review and meta-analyses. Am J Epidemiol 2011; 173: 259-270
281 Isajevs S. Liepniece-Karele I. Janciauskas D. et al. Gastritis staging: interobserver agreement by applying OLGA and OLGIM systems. Virchows Arch 2014; 464: 403-407
282 Leja M. Funka K. Janciauskas D. et al. Interobserver variation in assessment of gastric premalignant lesions: higher agreement for intestinal metaplasia than for atrophy. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 25: 694-699
283 Marcos-Pinto R. Carneiro F. Dinis-Ribeiro M. et al. First-degree relatives of patients with early-onset gastric carcinoma show even at young ages a high prevalence of advanced OLGA/OLGIM stages and dysplasia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35: 1451-1459
284 Rugge M. de Boni M. Pennelli G. et al. Gastritis OLGA-staging and gastric cancer risk: a twelve-year clinico-pathological follow-up study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 31: 1104-1111
285 Take S. Mizuno M. Ishiki K. et al. The long-term risk of gastric cancer after the successful eradication of Helicobacter pylori. J Gastroenterol 2011; 46: 318-324
286 Yanaoka K. Oka M. Ohata H. et al. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori prevents cancer development in subjects with mild gastric atrophy identified by serum pepsinogen levels. Int J Cancer 2009; 125: 2697-2703
287 Kodama M. Murakami K. Okimoto T. et al. Histological characteristics of gastric mucosa prior to Helicobacter pylori eradication may predict gastric cancer. Scand J Gastroenterol 2013; 48: 1249-1256
288 Rokkas T. Pistiolas D. Sechopoulos P. et al. The long-term impact of Helicobacter pylori eradication on gastric histology: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Helicobacter 2007; 12 (Suppl. 02) 32-38
289 Yoshida T. Kato J. Inoue I. et al. Cancer development based on chronic active gastritis and resulting gastric atrophy as assessed by serum levels of pepsinogen and Helicobacter pylori antibody titer. Int J Cancer 2014; 134: 1445-1457
290 Dinis-Ribeiro M. Areia M. de Vries AC. et al. Management of precancerous conditions and lesions in the stomach (MAPS): guideline from the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), European Helicobacter Study Group (EHSG), European Society of Pathology (ESP), and the Sociedade Portuguesa de Endoscopia Digestiva (SPED). Endoscopy 2012; 44: 74-94
291 O’Connor A. McNamara D. O’Morain CA. Surveillance of gastric intestinal metaplasia for the prevention of gastric cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 9: CD009322
292 Areia M. Dinis-Ribeiro M. Rocha Goncalves F. Cost-utility analysis of endoscopic surveillance of patients with gastric premalignant conditions. Helicobacter 2014; 19: 425-436
293 den Hoed CM. van Eijck BC. Capelle LG. et al. The prevalence of premalignant gastric lesions in asymptomatic patients: predicting the future incidence of gastric cancer. Eur J Cancer 2011; 47: 1211-1218
294 den Hoed CM. Holster IL. Capelle LG. et al. Follow-up of premalignant lesions in patients at risk for progression to gastric cancer. Endoscopy 2013; 45: 249-256
295 di Mario F. Cavallaro LG. Non-invasive tests in gastric diseases. Dig Liver Dis 2008; 40: 523-530
296 Kikuchi S. Kato M. Katsuyama T. et al. Design and planned analyses of an ongoing randomized trial assessing the preventive effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on occurrence of new gastric carcinomas after endoscopic resection. Helicobacter 2006; 11: 147-151
297 Leja M. Kupcinskas L. Funka K. et al. The validity of a biomarker method for indirect detection of gastric mucosal atrophy versus standard histopathology. Dig Dis Sci 2009; 54: 2377-2384
298 Kitahara F. Kobayashi K. Sato T. et al. Accuracy of screening for gastric cancer using serum pepsinogen concentrations. Gut 1999; 44: 693-697
299 Miki K. Gastric cancer screening using the serum pepsinogen test method. Gastric Cancer 2006; 9: 245-253
300 Watabe H. Mitsushima T. Yamaji Y. et al. Predicting the development of gastric cancer from combining Helicobacter pylori antibodies and serum pepsinogen status: a prospective endoscopic cohort study. Gut 2005; 54: 764-768
301 Yoshihara M. Hiyama T. Yoshida S. et al. Reduction in gastric cancer mortality by screening based on serum pepsinogen concentration: a case-control study. Scand J Gastroenterol 2007; 42: 760-764
302 Terasawa T. Nishida H. Kato K. et al. Prediction of gastric cancer development by serum pepsinogen test and Helicobacter pylori seropositivity in Eastern Asians: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9: e109783
303 Oishi Y. Kiyohara Y. Kubo M. et al. The serum pepsinogen test as a predictor of gastric cancer: the Hisayama study. Am J Epidemiol 2006; 163: 629-637
304 Yanaoka K. Oka M. Mukoubayashi C. et al. Cancer high-risk subjects identified by serum pepsinogen tests: outcomes after 10-year follow-up in asymptomatic middle-aged males. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17: 838-845
305 Zhang X. Xue L. Xing L. et al. Low serum pepsinogen I and pepsinogen I/II ratio and Helicobacter pylori infection are associated with increased risk of gastric cancer: 14-year follow up result in a rural Chinese community. Int J Cancer 2012; 130: 1614-1619
306 Lomba-Viana R. Dinis-Ribeiro M. Fonseca F. et al. Serum pepsinogen test for early detection of gastric cancer in a European country. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 24: 37-41
307 Malfertheiner P. Link A. Selgrad M. Helicobacter pylori: perspectives and time trends. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 11: 628-638
308 Uemura N. Okamoto S. Yamamoto S. et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and the development of gastric cancer. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 784-789
309 NIH Consensus Conference. Helicobacter pylori in peptic ulcer disease. NIH Consensus Development Panel on Helicobacter pylori in Peptic Ulcer Disease. JAMA 1994; 272: 65-69
310 Selgrad M. Kandulski A. Malfertheiner P. Helicobacter pylori: diagnosis and treatment. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2009; 25: 549-556
311 Wüppenhorst N. Draeger S. Stüger HP. et al. Prospective multicentre study on antimicrobial resistance of Helicobacter pylori in Germany. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 69: 3127-3133
312 Selgrad M. Meile J. Borschein J. et al. Antibiotic susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori in central Germany and its relationship with the number of eradication therapies. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 25: 1257-1260
313 Megraud F. Coenen S. Versporten A. et al. Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibiotics in Europe and its relationship to antibiotic consumption. Gut 2013; 62: 34-42
314 Fischbach L. Evans EL. Meta-analysis: the effect of antibiotic resistance status on the efficacy of triple and quadruple first-line therapies for Helicobacter pylori. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 26: 343-357
315 Malfertheiner P. Peitz U. Treiber G. What constitutes failure for Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy?. Can J Gastroenterol 2003; 17: 53B-57B
316 Furuta T. Shirai N. Sugimoto M. et al. Influence of CYP2C19 pharmacogenetic polymorphism on proton pump inhibitor-based therapies. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2005; 20: 153-167
317 Nagaraja V. Eslick GD. Evidence-based assessment of proton-pump inhibitors in Helicobacter pylori eradication: A systematic review. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20: 14527-14536
318 Selgrad M. Malfertheiner P. Treatment of Helicobacter pylori. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2011; 27: 565-570
319 Villoria A. Garcia P. Calvet X. et al. Meta-analysis: high-dose proton pump inhibitors vs. standard dose in triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 28: 868-877
320 Kuo CH. Lu CY. Shih HY. et al. CYP2C19 polymorphism influences Helicobacter pylori eradication. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20: 16029-16036
321 Treiber G. Malfertheiner P. Klotz U. Treatment and dosing of Helicobacter pylori infection: when pharmacology meets clinic. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2007; 8: 329-350
322 Hopkins RJ. Current FDA-approved treatments for Helicobacter pylori and the FDA approval process. Gastroenterology 1997; 113: S126-S130
323 Graham DY. Fischbach L. Helicobacter pylori treatment in the era of increasing antibiotic resistance. Gut 2010; 59: 1143-1153
324 Malfertheiner P. Bazzoli F. Delchier JC. et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication with a capsule containing bismuth subcitrate potassium, metronidazole, and tetracycline given with omeprazole versus clarithromycin-based triple therapy: a randomised, open-label, non-inferiority, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2011; 377: 905-913
325 Venerito M. Krieger T. Ecker T. et al. Meta-analysis of bismuth quadruple therapy versus clarithromycin triple therapy for empiric primary treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. Digestion 2013; 88: 33-45
326 Essa AS. Kramer JR. Graham DY. et al. Meta-analysis: four-drug, three-antibiotic, non-bismuth-containing “concomitant therapy” versus triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Helicobacter 2009; 14: 109-118
327 Molina-Infante J. Pazos-Pacheco C. Vinagre-Rodriguez G. et al. Nonbismuth quadruple (concomitant) therapy: empirical and tailored efficacy versus standard triple therapy for clarithromycin-susceptible Helicobacter pylori and versus sequential therapy for clarithromycin-resistant strains. Helicobacter 2012; 17: 269-276
328 Georgopoulos S. Papastergiou V. Xirouchakis E. et al. Nonbismuth quadruple “concomitant” therapy versus standard triple therapy, both of the duration of 10 days, for first-line H. pylori eradication: a randomized trial. J Clin Gastroenterol 2013; 47: 228-232
329 Federico A. Nardone G. Gravina AG. et al. Efficacy of 5-day levofloxacin-containing concomitant therapy in eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastroenterology 2012; 143: 55-61
330 Hsu PI. Wu DC. Chen WC. et al. Randomized controlled trial comparing 7-day triple, 10-day sequential, and 7-day concomitant therapies for Helicobacter pylori infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58: 5936-5942
331 Gatta L. Vakil N. Leandro G. et al. Sequential therapy or triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in adults and children. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104: 3069-3079
332 Romano M. Cuomo A. Gravina AG. et al. Empirical levofloxacin-containing versus clarithromycin-containing sequential therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication: a randomised trial. Gut 2010; 59: 1465-1470
333 Liou JM. Chen CC. Chen MJ. et al. Sequential versus triple therapy for the first-line treatment of Helicobacter pylori: a multicentre, open-label, randomised trial. Lancet 2013; 381: 205-213
334 Zhou L. Zhang J. Chen M. et al. A comparative study of sequential therapy and standard triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection: a randomized multicenter trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2014; 109: 535-541
335 Liu KSH. Hung IFN. Seto WKW. et al. Ten day sequential versus 10 day modified bismuth quadruple therapy as empirical firstline and secondline treatment for Helicobacter pylori in Chinese patients: an open label, randomised, crossover trial. Gut 2014; 63: 1410-1415
336 McNicholl AG. Marin AC. Molina-Infante J. et al. Randomised clinical trial comparing sequential and concomitant therapies for Helicobacter pylori eradication in routine clinical practice. Gut 2014; 63: 244-249
337 Molina-Infante J. Romano M. Fernandez-Bermejo M. et al. Optimized nonbismuth quadruple therapies cure most patients with Helicobacter pylori infection in populations with high rates of antibiotic resistance. Gastroenterology 2013; 145: 121-128
338 Molina-Infante J. Perez-Gallardo B. Fernandez-Bermejo M. et al. Clinical trial: clarithromycin vs. levofloxacin in first-line triple and sequential regimens for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 31: 1077-1084
339 Liou JM. Lin JT. Chang CY. et al. Levofloxacin-based and clarithromycin-based triple therapies as first-line and second-line treatments for Helicobacter pylori infection: a randomised comparative trial with crossover design. Gut 2010; 59: 572-578
340 Sacco F. Spezzaferro M. Amitrano M. et al. Efficacy of four different moxifloxacin-based triple therapies for first-line H. pylori treatment. Dig Liver Dis 2010; 42: 110-114
341 Xiao SP. Gu M. Zhang GX. Is levofloxacin-based triple therapy an alternative for first-line eradication of Helicobacter pylori? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2014; 49: 528-538
342 Peedikayil MC. Alsohaibani FI. Alkhenizan AH. Levofloxacin-based first-line therapy versus standard first-line therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One 2014; 9: e85620
343 Yuan Y. Ford AC. Khan KJ. et al. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews. Optimum duration of regimens for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 12: CD008337
344 Kuo CH. Hu HM. Kuo FC. et al. Efficacy of levofloxacin-based rescue therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection after standard triple therapy: a randomized controlled trial. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 63: 1017-1024
345 Delchier JC. Malfertheiner P. Thieroff-Ekerdt R. Use of a combination formulation of bismuth, metronidazole and tetracycline with omeprazole as a rescue therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 40: 171-177
346 Zhu R. Chen K. Zheng YY. et al. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of probiotics in Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20: 18013-18021
347 Zhang MM. Qian W. Qin YY. et al. Probiotics in Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21: 4345-4357
348 De Bortoli N. Leonardi G. Ciancia G. et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication: a randomized prospective study of triple therapy versus triple therapy plus lactoferrin and probiotics. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102: 951-956
349 Gotteland M. Brunser O. Cruchet S. Systematic review: are probiotics useful in controlling gastric colonization by Helicobacter pylori?. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 23: 1077-1086
350 Adamek RJ. Opferkuch W. Pfaffenbach B. et al. Cure of Helicobacter pylori infection: role of duration of treatment with omeprazole and amoxicillin. Am J Gastroenterol 1996; 91: 98-100
351 Gisbert JP. Helicobacter pylori-related diseases. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 35 (Suppl. 01) 12-25
352 Freire de Melo MF. Rocha AM. Rocha GA. et al. A regulatory instead of an IL-17 T response predominates in Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis in children. Microbes Infect 2012; 14: 341-347
353 Arnold IC. Dehzad N. Reuter S. et al. Helicobacter pylori infection prevents allergic asthma in mouse models through the induction of regulatory T cells. J Clin Invest 2011; 121: 3088-3093
354 Oertli M. Sundquist M. Hitzler I. et al. DC-derived IL-18 drives Treg differentiation, murine Helicobacter pylori-specific immune tolerance, and asthma protection. J Clin Invest 2012; 122: 1082-1096
355 Engler DB. Reuter S. van WY. et al. Effective treatment of allergic airway inflammation with Helicobacter pylori immunomodulators requires BATF3-dependent dendritic cells and IL-10. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2014; 111: 11810-11815
356 Engler DB. Leonardi I. Hartung ML. et al. Helicobacter pylori-specific Protection Against Inflammatory Bowel Disease Requires the NLRP3 Inflammasome and IL-18. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21: 854-861
357 Wang Q. Yu C. Sun Y. The association between asthma and Helicobacter pylori: a meta-analysis. Helicobacter 2013; 18: 41-53
358 Taye B. Enquselassie F. Tsegaye A. et al. Is Helicobacter Pylori infection inversely associated with atopy? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 45: 882-890
359 Koletzko S. Richy F. Bontems P. et al. Prospective multicenter study on antibiotic resistance of Helicbacter pylori strains obtained from children living in Europe. Gut 2006; 55: 1711-1716
360 Schwille IJ. Giel KE. Ellert U. et al. A community-based survey of abdominal pain prevalence, characteristics, and health care use among children. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 7: 1062-1068
361 Spee LA. Madderom MB. Pijpers M. et al. Association between helicobacter pylori and gastrointestinal symptoms in children. Pediatrics 2010; 125: e651-e669
362 Pacifico L. Osborn JF. Tromba V. et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and extragastric disorders in children: a critical update. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20: 1379-1401
363 Vilchis J. Duque X. Mera R. et al. Association of Helicobacter pylori infection and height of Mexican children of low socioeconomic level attending boarding schools. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009; 81: 1091-1096
364 Goodman KJ. Correa P. Mera R. et al. Effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on growth velocity of school-age Andean children. Epidemiology 2011; 22: 118-126
365 Mera RM. Bravo LE. Goodman KJ. et al. Long-term effects of clearing Helicobacter pylori on growth in school-age children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2012; 31: 263-266
366 Kopacova M. Koupil I. Seifert B. et al. Blood pressure and stature in Helicobacter pylori positive and negative persons. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20: 5625-5631
367 Neefjes VM. Heijboer H. Tamminga RY. H. pylori infection in childhood chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Haematologica 2007; 92: 576
368 Rajantie J. Klemola T. Helicobacter pylori and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children. Blood 2003; 101: 1660
369 Ferrara M. Capozzi L. Russo R. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on platelet count in children with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Hematology 2009; 14: 282-285
370 Russo G. Miraglia V. Branciforte F. et al. Effect of eradication of Helicobacter pylori in children with chronic immune thrombocytopenia: a prospective, controlled, multicenter study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 56: 273-278
371 Feydt-Schmidt A. Kindermann A. Konstantopoulos N. et al. Reinfection rate in children after successful Helicobacter pylori eradication. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002; 14: 1119-1123
372 Rowland M. Kumar D. Daly L. et al. Low rates of Helicobacter pylori reinfection in children. Gastroenterology 1999; 117: 336-341
373 Cardenas VM. Prieto-Jimenez CA. Mulla ZD. et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication and change in markers of iron stores among non-iron-deficient children in El Paso, Texas: an etiologic intervention study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2011; 52: 326-332
374 Xia W. Zhang X. Wang J. et al. Survey of anaemia and Helicobacter pylori infection in adolescent girls in Suihua, China and enhancement of iron intervention effects by H. pylori eradication. Br J Nutr 2012; 108: 357-362
375 Sarker SA. Mahmud H. Davidsson L. et al. Causal relationship of Helicobacter pylori with iron-deficiency anemia or failure of iron supplementation in children. Gastroenterology 2008; 135: 1534-1542
376 Fagan RP. Dunaway CE. Bruden DL. et al. Controlled, household-randomized, open-label trial of the effect of treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection on iron deficiency among children in rural Alaska: results at 40 months. J Infect Dis 2009; 199: 652-660
377 Koletzko S. Jones NL. Goodman KJ. et al. Evidence-based guidelines from ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN for Helicobacter pylori infection in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2011; 53: 230-243
378 Leal YA. Flores LL. Fuentes-Panana EM. et al. 13C-urea breath test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Helicobacter 2011; 16: 327-337
379 Leal YA. Cedillo-Rivera R. Simon JA. et al. Utility of stool sample-based tests for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2011; 52: 718-728
380 Raguza D. Machado RS. Ogata SK. et al. Validation of a monoclonal stool antigen test for diagnosing Helicobacter pylori infection in young children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010; 50: 400-403
381 Koletzko S. Konstantopoulos N. Bosman D. et al. Evaluation of a novel monoclonal enzyme immunoassay for detection of Helicobacter pylori antigen in stool from children. Gut 2003; 52: 804-806
382 Konstantopoulos N. Russmann H. Tasch C. et al. Evaluation of the Helicobacter pylori stool antigen test (HpSA) for detection of Helicobacter pylori infection in children. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96: 677-683
383 Michel A. Pawlita M. Boeing H. et al. Helicobacter pylori antibody patterns in Germany: a cross-sectional population study. Gut Pathog 2014; 6: 10
384 Guarner J. Kalach N. Elitsur Y. et al. Helicobacter pylori diagnostic tests in children: review of the literature from 1999 to 2009. Eur J Pediatr 2010; 169: 15-25
385 Michel A. Waterboer T. Kist M. et al. Helicobacter pylori multiplex serology. Helicobacter 2009; 14: 525-535
386 Megraud F. Coenen S. Versporten A. et al. Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibiotics in Europe and its relationship to antibiotic consumption. Gut 2013; 62: 34-42
387 Feydt-Schmidt A. Russmann H. Lehn N. et al. Fluorescence in situ hybridization vs. epsilometer test for detection of clarithromycin-susceptible and clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori strains in gastric biopsies from children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16: 2073-2079
388 Montes M. Villalon FN. Eizaguirre FJ. et al. Helicobacter pylori infection in children. Antimicrobial resistance and treatment response. Helicobacter 2015; 20: 169-175
389 Vecsei A. Innerhofer A. Graf U. et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication rates in children upon susceptibility testing based on noninvasive stool polymerase chain reaction versus gastric tissue culture. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2011; 53: 65-70
390 Scaletsky IC. Aranda KR. Garcia GT. et al. Application of real-time PCR stool assay for Helicobacter pylori detection and clarithromycin susceptibility testing in Brazilian children. Helicobacter 2011; 16: 311-315
391 Xiong LJ. Tong Y. Wang Z. et al. Detection of clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori by stool PCR in children: a comprehensive review of literature. Helicobacter 2013; 18: 89-101
392 Lottspeich C. Schwarzer A. Panthel K. et al. Evaluation of the novel Helicobacter pylori ClariRes real-time PCR assay for detection and clarithromycin susceptibility testing of H. pylori in stool specimens from symptomatic children. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45: 1718-1722
393 Khurana R. Fischbach L. Chiba N. et al. Meta-analysis: Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment efficacy in children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 25: 523-536
394 Arenz T. Antos D. Russmann H. et al. Esomeprazole-based 1-week triple therapy directed by susceptibility testing for eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006; 43: 180-184
395 Bontems P. Kalach N. Oderda G. et al. Sequential therapy versus tailored triple therapies for Helicobacter pylori infection in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2011; 53: 646-650
396 Yuan Y. Ford AC. Khan KJ. et al. Optimum duration of regimens for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 12: CD008337
397 Francavilla R. Lionetti E. Castellaneta SP. et al. Improved efficacy of 10-Day sequential treatment for Helicobacter pylori eradication in children: a randomized trial. Gastroenterology 2005; 129: 1414-1419
398 Gatta L. Vakil N. Vaira D. et al. Global eradication rates for Helicobacter pylori infection: systematic review and meta-analysis of sequential therapy. BMJ 2013; 347: f4587
399 Gatta L. Vakil N. Leandro G. et al. Sequential therapy or triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in adults and children. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104: 3069-3079
400 Horvath A. Dziechciarz P. Szajewska H. Meta-analysis: sequential therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication in children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 36: 534-541
401 Schwarzer A. Bontems P. Urruzuno P. et al. Sequential therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection in treatment naïve children. Helicobacter 2016; 21: 106-113
402 Molina-Infante J. Lucendo AJ. Angueira T. et al. Optimised empiric triple and concomitant therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication in clinical practice: the OPTRICON study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015; 41: 581-589
403 Schwarzer A. Urruzuno P. Iwanczak B. et al. New effective treatment regimen for children infected with a double-resistant Helicobacter pylori strain. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2011; 52: 424-428
404 Pacifico L. Osborn JF. Bonci E. et al. Probiotics for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in children. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20: 673-683
405 Hawkey CJ. Weinstein WM. Smalley W. et al. Effect of risk factors on complicated and uncomplicated ulcers in the TARGET lumiracoxib outcomes study. Gastroenterology 2007; 133: 57-64
406 Hernandez-Diaz S. Rodriguez LA. Association between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding/perforation: an overview of epidemiologic studies published in the 1990s. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 2093-2099
407 Okabe S. Saziki R. Takagi K. Cortisone acetate and stress on the healing process of chronic gastric ulcer in rats. J Appl Physiol 1971; 30: 793-796
408 Shorr RI. Ray WA. Daugherty JR. et al. Concurrent use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and oral anticoagulants places elderly persons at high risk for hemorrhagic peptic ulcer disease. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153: 1665-1670
409 Weil J. Langman MJ. Wainwright P. et al. Peptic ulcer bleeding: accessory risk factors and interactions with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Gut 2000; 46: 27-31
410 Anglin R. Yuan Y. Moayyedi P. et al. Risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors with or without concurrent nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2014; 109: 811-819
411 Narum S. Westergren T. Klemp M. Corticosteroids and risk of gastrointestinal bleeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2014; 4: e004587
412 Hansen JM. Hallas J. Lauritsen JM. et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and ulcer complications: a risk factor analysis for clinical decision-making. Scand J Gastroenterol 1996; 31: 126-130
413 Salvo F. Fourrier-Reglat A. Bazin F. et al. Cardiovascular and gastrointestinal safety of NSAIDs: a systematic review of meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2011; 89: 855-866
414 Henry D. Lim LL. Garcia Rodriguez LA. et al. Variability in risk of gastrointestinal complications with individual non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: results of a collaborative meta-analysis. BMJ 1996; 312: 1563-1566
415 Scheiman JM. Yeomans ND. Talley NJ. et al. Prevention of ulcers by esomeprazole in at-risk patients using non-selective NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101: 701-710
416 Weil J. Langman MJ. Wainwright P. et al. Peptic ulcer bleeding: accessory risk factors and interactions with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Gut 2000; 46: 27-31
417 Graham DY. Agrawal NM. Campbell DR. et al. Ulcer prevention in long-term users of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: results of a double-blind, randomized, multicenter, active- and placebo-controlled study of misoprostol vs lansoprazole. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 169-175
418 Labenz J. Blum AL. Bolten WW. et al. Primary prevention of diclofenac associated ulcers and dyspepsia by omeprazole or triple therapy in Helicobacter pylori positive patients: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, clinical trial. Gut 2002; 51: 329-335
419 Miyake K. Ueki N. Suzuki K. et al. Preventive therapy for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced ulcers in Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis: the current situation and a prospective controlled-study of the preventive effects of lansoprazole or famotidine. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005; 21 (Suppl. 02) 67-72
420 Stupnicki T. Dietrich K. Gonzalez-Carro P. et al. Efficacy and tolerability of pantoprazole compared with misoprostol for the prevention of NSAID-related gastrointestinal lesions and symptoms in rheumatic patients. Digestion 2003; 68: 198-208
421 Bolten WW. Empfehlungen für die Therapie mit nicht-steroidalen Antirheumatika. MMW Fortschr Med 2005; 147: 24-27
422 Cullen D. Bardhan KD. Eisner M. et al. Primary gastroduodenal prophylaxis with omeprazole for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug users. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1998; 12: 135-140
423 Wang WH. Huang JQ. Zheng GF. et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and the risk of gastric cancer: a systematic review and metaanalysis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1784-1791
424 Bombardier C. Laine L. Reicin A. et al. Comparison of upper gastrointestinal toxicity of rofecoxib and naproxen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. VIGOR Study Group. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 1520-1528
425 Silverstein FE. Faich G. Goldstein JL. et al. Gastrointestinal toxicity with celecoxib vs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: the CLASS study: A randomized controlled trial. Celecoxib Long-term Arthritis Safety Study. JAMA 2000; 284: 1247-1255
426 Jarupongprapa S. Ussavasodhi P. Katchamart W. Comparison of gastrointestinal adverse effects between cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and non-selective, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs plus proton pump inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol 2013; 48: 830-838
427 Chan FK. Hung LC. Suen BY. et al. Celecoxib versus diclofenac plus omeprazole in high-risk arthritis patients: results of a randomized double-blind trial. Gastroenterology 2004; 127: 1038-1043
428 Hooper L. Brown TJ. Elliott R. et al. The effectiveness of five strategies for the prevention of gastrointestinal toxicity induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: systematic review. BMJ 2004; 329: 948
429 Kearney PM. Baigent C. Godwin J. et al. Do selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors and traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increase the risk of atherothrombosis? Meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ 2006; 332: 1302-1308
430 Lanas A. Benito P. Alonso J. et al. Safe prescription recommendations for non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: consensus document ellaborated by nominated experts of three scientific associations (SER-SEC-AEG). Reumatol Clin 2014; 10: 68-84
431 Rostom A. Muir K. Dube C. et al. Prevention of NSAID-related upper gastrointestinal toxicity: a meta-analysis of traditional NSAIDs with gastroprotection and COX-2 inhibitors. Drug Healthc Patient Saf 2009; 1: 47-71
432 Cheetham TC. Levy G. Niu F. et al. Gastrointestinal safety of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in patients on warfarin. Ann Pharmacother 2009; 43: 1765-1773
433 Dentali F. Douketis JD. Woods K. et al. Does celecoxib potentiate the anticoagulant effect of warfarin? A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Ann Pharmacother 2006; 40: 1241-1247
434 Chan FK. Wong VW. Suen BY. et al. Combination of a cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor and a proton-pump inhibitor for prevention of recurrent ulcer bleeding in patients at very high risk: a double-blind, randomised trial. Lancet 2007; 369: 1621-1626
435 Goldstein JL. Cryer B. Amer F. et al. Celecoxib plus aspirin versus naproxen and lansoprazole plus aspirin: a randomized, double-blind, endoscopic trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 5: 1167-1174
436 Kelly JP. Kaufman DW. Jurgelon JM. et al. Risk of aspirin-associated major upper-gastrointestinal bleeding with enteric-coated or buffered product. Lancet 1996; 348: 1413-1416
437 Slattery J. Warlow CP. Shorrock CJ. et al. Risks of gastrointestinal bleeding during secondary prevention of vascular events with aspirin--analysis of gastrointestinal bleeding during the UK-TIA trial. Gut 1995; 37: 509-511
438 Weil J. Colin-Jones D. Langman M. et al. Prophylactic aspirin and risk of peptic ulcer bleeding. BMJ 1995; 310: 827-830
439 Yeomans ND. Lanas AI. Talley NJ. et al. Prevalence and incidence of gastroduodenal ulcers during treatment with vascular protective doses of aspirin. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005; 22: 795-801
440 Lanas A. Fuentes J. Benito R. et al. Helicobacter pylori increases the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients taking low-dose aspirin. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16: 779-786
441 Lin KJ. Hernandez-Diaz S. Garcia Rodriguez LA. Acid suppressants reduce risk of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients on antithrombotic or anti-inflammatory therapy. Gastroenterology 2011; 141: 71-79
442 Lai KC. Lam SK. Chu KM. et al. Lansoprazole for the prevention of recurrences of ulcer complications from long-term low-dose aspirin use. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 2033-2038
443 Chan FK. Ching JY. Hung LC. et al. Clopidogrel versus aspirin and esomeprazole to prevent recurrent ulcer bleeding. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 238-244
444 Lai KC. Chu KM. Hui WM. et al. Esomeprazole with aspirin versus clopidogrel for prevention of recurrent gastrointestinal ulcer complications. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 4: 860-865
445 Garcia Rodriguez LA. Johansson S. Nagy P. et al. Use of proton pump inhibitors and the risk of coronary events in new users of low-dose acetylsalicylic acid in UK primary care. Thromb Haematol 2013; 111: 131-139
446 Sung JJ. Lau JY. Ching JY. et al. Continuation of low-dose aspirin therapy in peptic ulcer bleeding: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2010; 152: 1-9
447 Windecker S. Kolh P. Alfonso F. et al. 2014 ESC/EATCS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization: web addenda. Eur Heart J 2014; 35: 2541-2619
448 Hallas J. Dall M. Andries A. et al. Use of single and combined antithrombotic therapy and risk of serious upper gastrointestinal bleeding: population based case-control study. BMJ 2006; 333: 726
449 Fischbach W. Darius H. Gross M. et al. Gleichzeitige Anwendung von Thrombozytenaggregationshemmern und Protonenpumpeninhibitoren (PPIs). Positionspapier der deutschen Gesellschaft für Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten (DGVS) und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Kardiologie (DKG). Z Gastro 2010; 48: 1156-1163
450 Schalekamp T. Klungel OH. Souverein PC. et al. Effect of oral antiplatelet agents on major bleeding in users of coumarins. Thromb Haemost 2008; 100: 1076-1083
451 Sorensen R. Hansen ML. Abildstrom SZ. et al. Risk of bleeding in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with different combinations of aspirin, clopidogrel, and vitamin K antagonists in Denmark: a retrospective analysis of nationwide registry data. Lancet 2009; 374: 1967-1974
452 Casado Arroyo R. Polo-Tomas M. Roncales MP. et al. Lower GI bleeding is more common than upper among patients on dual antiplatelet therapy: long-term follow-up of a cohort of patients commonly using PPI co-therapy. Heart 2012; 98: 718-723
453 Malchow H. Ewe K. Brandes JW. et al. European Cooperative Crohn's Disease Study (ECCDS): results of drug treatment. Gastroenterology 1984; 86: 249-266
454 Summers RW. Switz DM. Sessions JT. et al. National Cooperative Crohn's Disease Study: results of drug treatment. Gastroenterology 1979; 77: 847-869
455 Dickinson JB. Is omeprazole helpful in inflammatory bowel disease?. J Clin Gastroenterol 1994; 18: 317-319
456 Miehsler W. Puspok A. Oberhuber T. et al. Impact of different therapeutic regimens on the outcome of patients with Crohn's disease of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2001; 7: 99-105
457 Jess T. Winther KV. Munkholm P. et al. Mortality and causes of death in Crohn's disease: follow-up of a population-based cohort in Copenhagen County, Denmark. Gastroenterology 2002; 122: 1808-1814
458 Grubel P. Choi Y. Schneider D. et al. Severe isolated Crohn's-like disease of the gastroduodenal tract. Dig Dis Sci 2003; 48: 1360-1365
459 Tremaine WJ. Gastroduodenal Crohn's disease: medical management. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2003; 9: 127-128
460 Cheung AN. Ng IO. Cytomegalovirus infection of the gastrointestinal tract in non-AIDS patients. Am J Gastroenterol 1993; 88: 1882-1886
461 Dorigo-Zetsma JW. van der Meer JT. Tersmette M. et al. Value of laboratory investigations in clinical suspicion of cytomegalovirus-induced upper gastrointestinal tract ulcerations in HIV-infected patients. J Med Virol 1996; 49: 29-33
462 Peter A. Telkes G. Varga M. et al. Endoscopic diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection of upper gastrointestinal tract in solid organ transplant recipients: Hungarian single-center experience. Clin Transplant 2004; 18: 580-584
463 Wong GL. Wong VW. Chan Y. et al. High incidence of mortality and recurrent bleeding in patients with Helicobacter pylori-negative idiopathic ulcers. Gastroenterology 2009; 137: 525-531
464 Cook DJ. Fuller HD. Guyatt GH. et al. Risk factors for gastrointestinal bleeding in critically ill patients. Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 377-381
465 Cook DJ. Reeve BK. Guyatt GH. et al. Stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients. Resolving discordant meta-analyses. JAMA 1996; 275: 308-314
466 Tryba M. Cook D. Current guidelines on stress ulcer prophylaxis. Drugs 1997; 54: 581-596
467 Marik PE. Vasu T. Hirani A. et al. Stress ulcer prophylaxis in the new millennium: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 2010; 38: 2222-2228
468 Rosen HR. Vlahakes GJ. Rattner DW. Fulminant peptic ulcer disease in cardiac surgical patients: pathogenesis, prevention, and management. Crit Care Med 1992; 20: 354-359
469 Janicki T. Stewart S. Stress-ulcer prophylaxis for general medical patients: a review of the evidence. J Hosp Med 2007; 2: 86-92
470 Herzig SJ. Howell MD. Ngo LH. et al. Acid-suppressive medication use and the risk for hospital-acquired pneumonia. JAMA 2009; 301: 2120-2128
471 Loke YK. Trivedi AN. et al. Meta-analysis: gastrointestinal bleeding due to interaction between selective serotonin uptake inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Aliment Pharmacol and Ther 2008; 27: 31-40
472 Anglin R. Yuan Y. Moayyedi P. et al. Risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors with or without concurrent nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2014; 109: 811-819

S2k-Guideline Helicobacter pylori and gastroduodenal ulcer disease[1]

S2k-Guideline Helicobacter pylori and gastroduodenal ulcer disease^[1]