Anti–Peri-implantitis Bacteria's Ability of Robusta Green Coffee Bean (Coffea Canephora) Ethanol Extract: An In Silico and In Vitro Study

Abstract

Objective This study was aimed to investigate RGCBE extract as antioxidant and anti–peri-implantitis bacteria through in vitro study and its potential as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antibone resorption, and proosteogenic through in silico study.

Materials and Methods Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity prediction, molecular docking simulation, and visualization of chlorogenic acid (CGA) and coumaric acid (CA) as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial were investigated in silico. Inhibition zone by diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of RGCBE extract against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn), and Prevotella intermedia (Pi) were done.

Statistical Analysis the analysis of variance (ANOVA) difference test, and the post-hoc Tukey's Honest Significant Different (HSD) with a different significance value of p<0.05

Results GCA and CA compounds are good drug molecules and it has low toxicity. Chlorogenic acid have higher binding activity than coumaric acid to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, nuclear factor (NF)-κB, receptor activation NF-κB (RANK) and its ligand (RANKL), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, runt related transcription factor (RUNX2), receptor activator nuclear Kappa beta Ligand-osteoprotegrin osteocalcin (RANKL-OPG), osteocalcin, nuclear factor associated T-cell 1 (NFATc1), tartate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), peptidoglycan, flagellin, dectin, Hsp70, and Hsp10 protein. RGCB ethanol extract has high antioxidant ability and it has MIC, MBC, and inhibit the growth of Aa, Pg, Fn, and Pi at 50% concentration with significantly different (p=0.0001 and<0.05).

Conclusion RGCB ethanol extract has high antioxidant ability and 50% RGCB ethanol extract may act as strong anti–peri-implantitis bacteria in vitro. In addition, CGA in RGCB potential as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antibone resorption, and proosteogenic in silico.

Keywords

dentistry - infectious disease - medicine - communicable disease - dental implant

• References

• 1 Tallo FR, Narmada IB, Ardani IW. Maxillary anterior root resorption in Class II/I malocclusion patients post fixed orthodontic treatment. Dent J 2020; 53 (04) 201-205
• 2 Cenzato N, Nobili A, Maspero C. Prevalence of dental malocclusions in different geographical areas: scoping review. Dent J (Basel) 2021; 9 (10) 117
• 3 Dasar LHRK. (RISKESDAS) Tahun 2018. Jakarta: Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. Kementrian Kesehatan RI; 2018. ISBN 978-602-373-118-3. Available at: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1MRXC4lMDera5949ezbbHj7UCUj5_EQmY/view
• 4 Siluvai S, Kshetrimayum N, Reddy CV, Siddanna S, Manjunath M, Rudraswamy S. Malocclusion and related quality of life among 13- to 19-year-old students in Mysore City - a cross-sectional study. Oral Health Prev Dent 2015; 13 (02) 135-141
• 5 Al-Gunaid TH, Arifin R, Narmada IB, Tarman KE. Perspectives of indonesian orthodontists on the ideal orthodontic treatment time. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2020; 12: 351-357
• 6 Kharadi L. Applications of mini-implants in orthodontics. International Journal of Applied Dental Sciences 2021; 7 (02) 558-560
• 7 Meursinge Reynders R, Ronchi L, Ladu L. et al. Barriers and facilitators to the implementation of orthodontic mini-implants in clinical practice: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev 2016; 5: 22
• 8 Jin Q, Teng F, Cheng Z. Association between common polymorphisms in IL-1 and TNFα and risk of peri-implant disease: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16 (10) e0258138
• 9 Hussain MW, Abullais SS, Naqash TA, Bhat MY. Microbial etiology and antimicrobial therapy of peri-implantitis: a comprehensive review. Open Dent J 2018; 12 (01) 1113-1122
• 10 Ting M, Craig J, Balkin BE, Suzuki JB. Peri-implantitis: a comprehensive overview of systematic reviews. J Oral Implantol 2018; 44 (03) 225-247
• 11 D'Ercole S, D'Addazio G, Di Lodovico S, Traini T, Di Giulio M, Sinjari B. Porphyromonas gingivalis load is balanced by 0.20% chlorhexidine gel. A randomized, double-blind, controlled, microbiological and immunohistochemical human study. J Clin Med 2020; 9 (01) 284
• 12 Radaelli K, Alberti A, Corbella S, Francetti L. The impact of peri-implantitis on systemic diseases and conditions: a review of the literature. Int J Dent 2021; 2021: 5536566
• 13 Chaushu L, Tal H, Sculean A, Fernández-Tomé B, Chaushu G. Peri-implant disease affects systemic complete blood count values-an experimental in vivo study. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 24 (12) 4531-4539
• 14 Wang WC, Lagoudis M, Yeh CW, Paranhos KS. Management of peri-implantitis - a contemporary synopsis. Singapore Dent J 2017; 38: 8-16
• 15 Macheiner L, Schmidt A, Schreiner M, Mayer HK. Green coffee infusion as a source of caffeine and chlorogenic acid. J Food Compos Anal 2019; 84: 103307
• 16 Martin M, Sari D, Mantika R, Praharani D. Combination of dental pulp stem-cell secretome and robusta coffee bean extract (Coffea canephora) in enhancing osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase expression in periodontitis-induced Wistar rats. J Orofac Sci 2021; 13 (02) 136
• 17 Perdani CG, Pranowo D. Total phenols content of green coffee (Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora) in East Java. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 2019; 230 (01) 012093
• 18 Yuniarti E, Saputri FC, Mun'im A. Application of the natural deep eutectic solvent choline chloride-sorbitol to extract chlorogenic acid and caffeine from green coffee beans (Coffea canephora). J Appl Pharm Sci 2019; 9 (03) 82-90
• 19 Aissaoui M, Rahmoun MN, Latrache H. et al. Structural characterization, antioxidant, and antibiofilm activities of Coffea canephora green seeds. J Complement Integr Med 2020; 18 (01) 107-112
• 20 Ranjan R, Kishore K, Kumar P, Ranjan R, Kumar N. Green coffee extract improves human health. Syst Rev 2016; 5 (12) 295-321
• 21 Banerjee P, Eckert AO, Schrey AK, Preissner R. ProTox-II: a webserver for the prediction of toxicity of chemicals. Nucleic Acids Res 2018; 46 (W1): W257-W263
• 22 Nugraha AP, Rahmadhani D, Puspitaningrum MS, Rizqianti Y, Kharisma VD, Ernawati DS. Molecular docking of anthocyanins and ternatin in Clitoria ternatea as coronavirus disease oral manifestation therapy. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2021; 12 (04) 362-367
• 23 Fahmi M, Kharisma VD, Ansori ANM, Ito M. Retrieval and investigation of data on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 using bioinformatics approach. Adv Exp Med Biol 2021; 1318: 839-857
• 24 Wijaya RM, Hafidzhah MA, Kharisma VD, Ansori AN, Parikesit AA. Covid-19 in silico drug with Zingiber officinale natural product compound library targeting the mpro protein. Makara J Sci 2021; 25 (03) 5
• 25 Luqman A, Kharisma VD, Ruiz RA, Götz F. In silico and in vitro study of trace amines (TA) and dopamine (DOP) interaction with human alpha 1-adrenergic receptor and the bacterial adrenergic receptor QseC. Cell Physiol Biochem 2020; 54 (05) 888-898
• 26 Prahasanti C, Nugraha AP, Kharisma VD. et al. A bioinformatic approach of hydroxyapatite and polymethylmethacrylate composite exploration as dental implant biomaterial. J Pharm Pharmacogn Res 2021; 9 (05) 746-754
• 27 Pinzi L, Rastelli G. Molecular docking: shifting paradigms in drug discovery. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20 (18) 4331
• 28 Kumar A, Kaur H, Jain A, Nair DT, Salunke DM. Docking, thermodynamics and molecular dynamics (MD) studies of a non-canonical protease inhibitor, MP-4, from Mucuna pruriens. Sci Rep 2018; 8 (01) 689
• 29 Kharisma VD, Agatha A, Ansori AN. et al. Herbal combination from Moringa oleifera Lam. and Curcuma longa L. as SARS-CoV-2 antiviral via dual inhibitor pathway: A viroinformatics approach. J Pharm Pharmacogn Res 2021; 10 (01) 138-146
• 30 Ito T, Mori G, Oda Y. et al. Clinical evaluation of periodontal pathogen levels by real-time polymerase chain reaction in peri-implantitis patients. Int J Implant Dent 2021; 7 (01) 105
• 31 Susanto H, Kharisma VD, Listyorini D, Taufiq A. Effectivity of black tea polyphenol in adipogenesis related IGF-1 and its receptor pathway through in silico based study. J Phys Conference Series 2018; 1093: 012037
• 32 Kim SJ. Curcumin suppresses the production of interleukin-6 in Prevotella intermedia lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 cells. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2011; 41 (03) 157-163
• 33 Pourhajibagher M, Chiniforush N, Monzavi A. et al. Inhibitory effects of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with curcumin on biofilm-associated gene expression profile of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans . J Dent (Tehran) 2018; 15 (03) 169-177
• 34 Affonso RC, Voytena AP, Fanan S. et al. Phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity, and the effect of the aqueous extract of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) bean residual press cake on the skin wound healing. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2016; 2016: 1923754
• 35 Noviyandri P, Nuza D, Sungkar S. Effect of ethanol extract of robusta coffee leaves (Coffea canephora var. robusta) against Streptococcus mutans growth. Journal of Syiah Kuala Dentistry Society. 2021; 5 (02) 75-79
• 36 Jeszka-Skowron M, Sentkowska A, Pyrzyńska K, De Peña MP. Chlorogenic acids, caffeine content and antioxidant properties of green coffee extracts: influence of green coffee bean preparation. Eur Food Res Technol 2016; 242 (08) 1403-1409
• 37 Palmieri MG, Cruz LT, Bertges FS. et al. Enhancement of antioxidant properties from green coffee as promising ingredient for food and cosmetic industries. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 2018; 16: 43-48
• 38 Soeprijanto B, Assegaf JH. Mechanism of increasing of HSP-70 on irradiated rat breast cancer, due to application of extract of Phyllanthus niruri . J Vet 2014; 15 (03) 330-336
• 39 Pergolizzi S, D'Angelo V, Aragona M. et al. Evaluation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of green coffee beans methanolic extract in rat skin. Nat Prod Res 2020; 34 (11) 1535-1541
• 40 Fatimatuzzahro N, Ermawati T, Prasetya RC, Destianingrum PQ. The effect of robusta coffee bean (Coffea canephora) extract gel on the number of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in the alveolar bone of periodontitis rats. Padjadjaran Journal of Dental Researchers and Students 2020; 4 (02) 128-133
• 41 Ermawati T. Potensi Gel Ekstrak Biji Kopi Robusta (Coffea robusta) Terhadap Ekspresi TNF-α Pada Tikus Periodontitis yang Diinduksi Porphyromonas gingivalis . Accessed May 6, 2022 at: http://repository.unej.ac.id/bitstream/handle/123456789/62631/Tantin%20Ermawati_pemula_169.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
• 42 Herniyati H. The increased number of osteoblasts and capillaries in orthodontic tooth movement post-administration of Robusta coffee extract. Dent J 2017; 50 (02) 91-96
• 43 Narmada IB, Putri PD, Lucynda L, Triwardhani A, Ardani IGAW, Nugraha AP. Effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester provision on fibroblast growth factor-2, matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression, osteoclast and osteoblast numbers during experimental tooth movement in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). Eur J Dent 2021; 15 (02) 295-301
• 44 Nugraha AP, Narmada IB, Ernawati DS. et al. Bone alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin expression of rat's gingival mesenchymal stem cells cultured in platelet-rich fibrin for bone remodeling (in vitro study). Eur J Dent 2018; 12 (04) 566-573
• 45 Sari DS, Maduratna E, Latief FDE, Nugraha AP, Sudiana K, Rantam FA. Ferdiansyah, Satuman. Osteogenic differentiation and biocompatibility of bovine teeth scaffold with rat adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Eur J Dent 2019; 13 (02) 206-212
• 46 Kwak SC, Lee C, Kim JY. et al. Chlorogenic acid inhibits osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption by down-regulation of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand-induced nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 expression. Biol Pharm Bull 2013; 36 (11) 1779-1786