Download PDF
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Journal of Digestive Endoscopy 2022; 13(03): 179-192
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1755303
Review Article

Gastrointestinal Emergencies and the Role of Endoscopy

Vinod Kumar Dixit
1   Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
,
Manoj Kumar Sahu 
2   Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatobiliary Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (SOA) University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
,
Vybhav Venkatesh 
2   Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatobiliary Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (SOA) University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
,
Varanasi Yugandhar Bhargav
3   Department of Hepatology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
,
Vinod Kumar 
1   Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
,
Mayank Bhushan Pateriya
1   Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
,
Jayanthi Venkataraman 
3   Department of Hepatology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
› Author Affiliations Funding None.
› Further Information
   Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Many gastrointestinal (GI) disorders present to the emergency room with acute clinical presentations, some even life threatening. Common emergencies encountered that require urgent endoscopic interventions include GI hemorrhage (variceal and nonvariceal), foreign body ingestion, obstructive jaundice, postprocedure-related complications such as postpolypectomy bleed or perforation, etc. A major advantage of emergency endoscopy is that it is cost effective and, on many occasions, can be life-saving. The present review will highlight a practical approach on various endoscopic modalities and their use in the GI emergencies.

Keywords

endoscopy - gastrointestinal hemorrhage - foreign body - obstructive jaundice

Authors' Contributions

V.K.D. - data curation, writing-original draft, writing-editing and review; M.K.S. - concept, methodology, data curation, methodology, formal analysis, writing-original draft, writing-editing and review, resources, supervision, administration; V.V. - methodology, investigation, writing-original draft, writing-editing and review; B.V.Y., V.K., M.B.P., and J.V. - data curation, investigation, resources, and writing-editing and review.




Publication History

Article published online:
13 September 2022

© 2022. Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy of India. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
A-12, 2nd Floor, Sector 2, Noida-201301 UP, India

 

  • References

  • 1 Peter DJ, Dougherty JM. Evaluation of the patient with gastrointestinal bleeding: an evidence based approach. Emerg Med Clin North Am 1999; 17 (01) 239-261 , x
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Manning-Dimmitt LL, Dimmitt SG, Wilson GR. Diagnosis of gastrointestinal bleeding in adults. Am Fam Physician 2005; 71 (07) 1339-1346
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Gralnek IM, Dumonceau JM, Kuipers EJ. et al. Diagnosis and management of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline. Endoscopy 2015; 47 (10) a1-a46
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Lee JG, Turnipseed S, Romano PS. et al. Endoscopy-based triage significantly reduces hospitalization rates and costs of treating upper GI bleeding: a randomized controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc 1999; 50 (06) 755-761
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Barkun AN. Emergency endoscopy cover: cost and benefits?. Gut 2010; 59 (08) 1012-1014
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Hyett BH, Abougergi MS, Charpentier JP. et al. The AIMS65 score compared with the Glasgow-Blatchford score in predicting outcomes in upper GI bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc 2013; 77 (04) 551-557
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Stanley AJ, Laine L, Dalton HR. et al; International Gastrointestinal Bleeding Consortium. Comparison of risk scoring systems for patients presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding: international multicentre prospective study. BMJ 2017; 356: i6432
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Marmo R, Koch M, Cipolletta L. et al; Italian registry on upper gastrointestinal bleeding (Progetto Nazionale Emorragie Digestive–PNED 2). Predicting mortality in non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeders: validation of the Italian PNED Score and Prospective Comparison with the Rockall Score. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105 (06) 1284-1291
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Laursen SB, Oakland K, Laine L. et al. ABC score: a new risk score that accurately predicts mortality in acute upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding: an international multicentre study. Gut 2021; 70 (04) 707-716
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Chandnani S, Rathi P, Sonthalia N. et al. Comparison of risk scores in upper gastrointestinal bleeding in western India: a prospective analysis. Indian J Gastroenterol 2019; 38 (02) 117-127
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Sharma V, Jeyaraman P, Rana SS. et al. Utility of clinical and complete Rockall score in indian patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Trop Gastroenterol 2016; 37 (04) 276-282
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Rout G, Sharma S, Gunjan D, Kedia S, Nayak B. Shalimar. Comparison of various prognostic scores in variceal and non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a prospective cohort study. Indian J Gastroenterol 2019; 38 (02) 158-166
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Villanueva C, Colomo A, Bosch A. et al. Transfusion strategies for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. N Engl J Med 2013; 368 (01) 11-21
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Restellini S, Kherad O, Jairath V, Martel M, Barkun AN. Red blood cell transfusion is associated with increased rebleeding in patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37 (03) 316-322
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Hearnshaw SA, Logan RFA, Lowe D, Travis SPL, Murphy MF, Palmer KR. Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the UK: patient characteristics, diagnoses and outcomes in the 2007 UK audit. Gut 2011; 60 (10) 1327-1335
    Google Scholar
  • 16 Marik PE, Corwin HL. Efficacy of red blood cell transfusion in the critically ill: a systematic review of the literature. Crit Care Med 2008; 36 (09) 2667-2674
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Odutayo A, Desborough MJR, Trivella M. et al. Restrictive versus liberal blood transfusion for gastrointestinal bleeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 2 (05) 354-360
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Jairath V, Kahan BC, Gray A. et al. Restrictive versus liberal blood transfusion for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (TRIGGER): a pragmatic, open-label, cluster randomised feasibility trial. Lancet 2015; 386 (9989): 137-144
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Barkun AN, Almadi M, Kuipers EJ. et al. Management of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: guideline recommendations from the international consensus group. Ann Intern Med 2019; 171 (11) 805-822
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Gralnek IM, Stanley AJ, Morris AJ. et al. Endoscopic diagnosis and management of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage (NVUGIH): European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline - Update 2021. Endoscopy 2021; 53 (03) 300-332
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Mujtaba S, Chawla S, Massaad JF. Diagnosis and management of non-variceal gastrointestinal hemorrhage: a review of current guidelines and future perspectives. J Clin Med 2020; 9 (02) E402
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Nagata N, Sakurai T, Moriyasu S. et al. Impact of INR monitoring, reversal agent use, heparin bridging, and anticoagulant interruption on rebleeding and thromboembolism in acute gastrointestinal bleeding. PLoS One 2017; 12 (09) e0183423
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Anand D, Gupta R, Dhar M, Ahuja V. Clinical and endoscopic profile of patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding at tertiary care center of North India. J Digest Endosc 2014; 05 (04) 139-143
    Article in Thieme ConnectGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Anand CS, Tandon BN, Nundy S. The causes, management and outcome of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in an Indian hospital. Br J Surg 1983; 70 (04) 209-211
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Rathi P, Abraham P, Rajeev J, Pai N. Spectrum of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in Western India. Indian J Gastroenterol 2001; 20 (Suppl. 02) A37
    Google Scholar
  • 26 Singh SP, Panigrahi MK. Spectrum of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in coastal Odisha. Trop Gastroenterol 2013; 34 (01) 14-17
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Parvez MN, Goenka MK, Tiwari IK, Goenka U. Spectrum of upper gastrointestinal bleed: an experience from Eastern India. J Digest Endosc 2016; 7 (02) 55-61
    Article in Thieme ConnectGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Simon EG, Chacko A, Dutta AK, Joseph AJ, George B. Acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding–experience of a tertiary care center in southern India. Indian J Gastroenterol 2013; 32 (04) 236-241
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Lau JYW, Yu Y, Tang RSY. et al. Timing of endoscopy for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. N Engl J Med 2020; 382 (14) 1299-1308
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Bratanic A, Puljiz Z, Ljubicicz N. et al. Predictive factors of rebleeding and mortality following endoscopic hemostasis in bleeding peptic ulcers. Hepatogastroenterology 2013; 60 (121) 112-117
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Camus M, Jensen DM, Kovacs TO, Jensen ME, Markovic D, Gornbein J. Independent risk factors of 30-day outcomes in 1264 patients with peptic ulcer bleeding in the USA: large ulcers do worse. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016; 43 (10) 1080-1089
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Lolle I, Møller MH, Rosenstock SJ. Association between ulcer site and outcome in complicated peptic ulcer disease: a Danish nationwide cohort study. Scand J Gastroenterol 2016; 51 (10) 1165-1171
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Vergara M, Bennett C, Calvet X, Gisbert JP. Epinephrine injection versus epinephrine injection and a second endoscopic method in high-risk bleeding ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; (10) CD005584
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Baracat F, Moura E, Bernardo W. et al. Endoscopic hemostasis for peptic ulcer bleeding: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. Surg Endosc 2016; 30 (06) 2155-2168
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Manno M, Mangiafico S, Caruso A. et al. First-line endoscopic treatment with OTSC in patients with high-risk non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: preliminary experience in 40 cases. Surg Endosc 2016; 30 (05) 2026-2029
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Goenka MK, Rai VK, Goenka U, Tiwary IK. Endoscopic management of gastrointestinal leaks and bleeding with the over-the-scope clip: a prospective study. Clin Endosc 2017; 50 (01) 58-63
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Asokkumar R, Soetikno R, Sanchez-Yague A, Kim Wei L, Salazar E, Ngu JH. Use of over-the-scope-clip (OTSC) improves outcomes of high-risk adverse outcome (HR-AO) non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NVUGIB). Endosc Int Open 2018; 6 (07) E789-E796
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Wedi E, von Renteln D, Gonzalez S. et al. Use of the over-the-scope-clip (OTSC) in non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with severe cardiovascular comorbidities: a retrospective study. Endosc Int Open 2017; 5 (09) E875-E882
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Lamberts R, Koch A, Binner C. et al. Use of over-the-scope clips (OTSC) for hemostasis in gastrointestinal bleeding in patients under antithrombotic therapy. Endosc Int Open 2017; 5 (05) E324-E330
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Schmidt A, Gölder S, Goetz M. et al. Over-the-scope clips are more effective than standard endoscopic therapy for patients with recurrent bleeding of peptic ulcers. Gastroenterology 2018; 155 (03) 674-686.e6
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Barkun AN, Adam V, Lu Y, Chen YI, Martel M. Using hemospray improves the cost-effectiveness ratio in the management of upper gastrointestinal nonvariceal bleeding. J Clin Gastroenterol 2018; 52 (01) 36-44
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Mutneja H, Bhurwal A, Go A, Sidhu GS, Arora S, Attar BM. Efficacy of hemospray in upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2020; 29 (01) 69-76
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Kovacs TOG, Jensen DM. Endoscopic therapy for severe ulcer bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2011; 21 (04) 681-696
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Baxter M, Aly EH. Dieulafoy's lesion: current trends in diagnosis and management. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2010; 92 (07) 548-554
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Lee YT, Walmsley RS, Leong RWL, Sung JJY. Dieulafoy's lesion. Gastrointest Endosc 2003; 58 (02) 236-243
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Kim HS. Endoscopic management of Mallory-Weiss tearing. Clin Endosc 2015; 48 (02) 102-105
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Chandrasekhara V, Khashab MA, Muthusamy VR. et al; ASGE Standards of Practice Committee. Adverse events associated with ERCP. Gastrointest Endosc 2017; 85 (01) 32-47
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Freeman ML. Complications of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: avoidance and management. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2012; 22 (03) 567-586
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Ferreira LEVVC, Baron TH. Post-sphincterotomy bleeding: who, what, when, and how. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102 (12) 2850-2858
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Okano N, Ito K, Takuma K, Hara S, Igarashi Y. Prevention and management of ERCP-related complications. Mini-invasive Surg 2021; 5: 29
    Google Scholar
  • 51 Murugesan SD, Sathyanesan J, Lakshmanan A. et al. Massive hemobilia: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. World J Surg 2014; 38 (07) 1755-1762
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Cathcart S, Birk JW, Tadros M, Schuster M. Hemobilia: an uncommon but notable cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. J Clin Gastroenterol 2017; 51 (09) 796-804
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 de Franchis R. Baveno VI Faculty. Expanding consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno VI Consensus Workshop: stratifying risk and individualizing care for portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2015; 63 (03) 743-752
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Henry Z, Patel K, Patton H, Saad W. AGA clinical practice update on management of bleeding gastric varices: expert review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 19 (06) 1098-1107.e1
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Wells M, Chande N, Adams P. et al. Meta-analysis: vasoactive medications for the management of acute variceal bleeds. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35 (11) 1267-1278
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Jain M, Balkrishanan M, Snk C, Cgs S, Ramakrishnan R, Venkataraman J. SX-Ella Danis stent in massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhosis - a case series. Clin Exp Hepatol 2018; 4 (02) 97-99
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Ibrahim M, El-Mikkawy A, Abdalla H, Mostafa I, Devière J. Management of acute variceal bleeding using hemostatic powder. United European Gastroenterol J 2015; 3 (03) 277-283
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Ríos Castellanos E, Seron P, Gisbert JP, Bonfill Cosp X. Endoscopic injection of cyanoacrylate glue versus other endoscopic procedures for acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; (05) CD010180
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Bazarbashi AN, Wang TJ, Thompson CC, Ryou M. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided treatment of gastric varices with coil embolization and absorbable hemostatic gelatin sponge: a novel alternative to cyanoacrylate. Endosc Int Open 2020; 8 (02) E221-E227
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Mukkada RJ, Antony R, Chooracken MJ. et al. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided coil or glue injection in post-cyanoacrylate gastric variceal re-bleed. Indian J Gastroenterol 2018; 37 (02) 153-159
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Aoki T, Hirata Y, Yamada A, Koike K. Initial management for acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25 (01) 69-84
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Oakland K, Chadwick G, East JE. et al. Diagnosis and management of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding: guidelines from the British Society of Gastroenterology. Gut 2019; 68 (05) 776-789
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Oakland K, Jairath V, Uberoi R. et al. Derivation and validation of a novel risk score for safe discharge after acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding: a modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 2 (09) 635-643
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Oakland K, Kothiwale S, Forehand T. et al. External validation of the Oakland score to assess safe hospital discharge among adult patients with acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding in the US. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3 (07) e209630
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Strate LL, Gralnek IM. ACG clinical guideline: management of patients with acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol 2016; 111 (04) 459-474
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 van Rongen I, Thomassen BJW, Perk LE. Early versus standard colonoscopy: a randomized controlled trial in patients with acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding: results of the BLEED study. J Clin Gastroenterol 2019; 53 (08) 591-598
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Niikura R, Nagata N, Yamada A. et al. Efficacy and safety of early vs elective colonoscopy for acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastroenterology 2020; 158 (01) 168-175.e6
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Tsay C, Shung D, Stemmer Frumento K, Laine L. Early colonoscopy does not improve outcomes of patients with lower gastrointestinal bleeding: systematic review of randomized trials. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 18 (08) 1696-1703.e2
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Anvari S, Lee Y, Yu J, Doumouras AG, Khan KJ, Hong D. Urgent versus standard colonoscopy for management of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Gastroenterol 2020; 54 (06) 493-502
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Nagata N, Ishii N, Manabe N. et al. Guidelines for colonic diverticular bleeding and colonic diverticulitis: Japan Gastroenterological Association. Digestion 2019; 99 (Suppl. 01) 1-26
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Ishii N, Omata F, Nagata N, Kaise M. Effectiveness of endoscopic treatments for colonic diverticular bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc 2018; 87 (01) 58-66
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Nagata N, Ishii N, Kaise M. et al. Long-term recurrent bleeding risk after endoscopic therapy for definitive colonic diverticular bleeding: band ligation versus clipping. Gastrointest Endosc 2018; 88 (05) 841-853.e4
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Akutsu D, Narasaka T, Wakayama M. et al. Endoscopic detachable snare ligation: a new treatment method for colonic diverticular hemorrhage. Endoscopy 2015; 47 (11) 1039-1042
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Takahashi S, Inaba T, Tanaka N. Delayed perforation after endoscopic band ligation for treatment of colonic diverticular bleeding. Dig Endosc 2016; 28 (04) 484
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Inoue T, Ishihara R, Nishida T. et al. Prophylactic clipping not effective in preventing post-polypectomy bleeding for < 20-mm colon polyps: a multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled trial. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 36 (02) 383-390
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Spadaccini M, Albéniz E, Pohl H. et al. Prophylactic clipping after colorectal endoscopic resection prevents bleeding of large, proximal polyps: meta-analysis of randomized trials. Gastroenterology 2020; 159 (01) 148-158.e11
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Boumitri C, Mir FA, Ashraf I. et al. Prophylactic clipping and post-polypectomy bleeding: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Ann Gastroenterol 2016; 29 (04) 502-508
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Ji JS, Lee SW, Kim TH. et al. Comparison of prophylactic clip and endoloop application for the prevention of postpolypectomy bleeding in pedunculated colonic polyps: a prospective, randomized, multicenter study. Endoscopy 2014; 46 (07) 598-604
    Google Scholar
  • 79 Tagawa T, Yamada M, Minagawa T. et al. Endoscopic characteristics influencing postpolypectomy bleeding in 1147 consecutive pedunculated colonic polyps: a multicenter retrospective study. Gastrointest Endosc 2021; 94 (04) 803-811.e6
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Hong SP. How do I manage post-polypectomy bleeding?. Clin Endosc 2012; 45 (03) 282-284
    Google Scholar
  • 81 Gerson LB, Fidler JL, Cave DR, Leighton JA. ACG clinical guideline: diagnosis and management of small bowel bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol 2015; 110 (09) 1265-1287 , quiz 1288
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Murphy B, Winter DC, Kavanagh DO. Small bowel gastrointestinal bleeding diagnosis and management-a narrative review. Front Surg 2019; 6: 25
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Triester SL, Leighton JA, Leontiadis GI. et al. A meta-analysis of the yield of capsule endoscopy compared to other diagnostic modalities in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100 (11) 2407-2418
    Google Scholar
  • 84 Wang Z, Chen JQ, Liu JL, Qin XG, Huang Y. CT enterography in obscure gastrointestinal bleeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2013; 57 (03) 263-273
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Wu LM, Xu JR, Yin Y, Qu XH. Usefulness of CT angiography in diagnosing acute gastrointestinal bleeding: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16 (31) 3957-3963
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Aniwan S, Viriyautsahakul V, Rerknimitr R. et al. Urgent double balloon endoscopy provides higher yields than non-urgent double balloon endoscopy in overt obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Endosc Int Open 2014; 2 (02) E90-E95
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Marques M, Santos-Antunes J, Coelho R. et al. Single-balloon enteroscopy efficacy and degree of concordance with noninvasive evaluation of small bowel. Endosc Int Open 2017; 5 (02) E96-E102
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Gu Y, Shi X, Yang Y. et al. Single-balloon and spiral enteroscopy may have similar diagnostic and therapeutic yields to double-balloon enteroscopy: results from a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and prospective studies. WJAM 2020; 8 (02) 153-162
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Ramchandani M, Rughwani H, Inavolu P. et al. Diagnostic yield and therapeutic impact of novel motorized spiral enteroscopy in small-bowel disorders: a single-center, real-world experience from a tertiary care hospital (with video). Gastrointest Endosc 2021; 93 (03) 616-626
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Tazuma S. Gallstone disease: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and classification of biliary stones (common bile duct and intrahepatic). Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2006; 20 (06) 1075-1083
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Chen H, Jorissen R, Walcott J, Nikfarjam M. Incidence and predictors of common bile duct stones in patients with acute cholecystitis: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. ANZ J Surg 2020; 90 (09) 1598-1603
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Parikh MP, Wadhwa V, Thota PN, Lopez R, Sanaka MR. Outcomes associated with timing of ERCP in acute cholangitis secondary to choledocholithiasis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2018; 52 (10) e97-e102
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Du L, Cen M, Zheng X, Luo L, Siddiqui A, Kim JJ. Timing of performing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and inpatient mortality in acute cholangitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2020; 11 (03) e00158
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Kim TH, Kim JH, Seo DW. et al. International consensus guidelines for endoscopic papillary large-balloon dilation. Gastrointest Endosc 2016; 83 (01) 37-47
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Horiuchi A, Nakayama Y, Kajiyama M. et al. Biliary stenting in the management of large or multiple common bile duct stones. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 71 (07) 1200-1203.e2
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Li G, Pang Q, Zhang X. et al. Dilation-assisted stone extraction: an alternative method for removal of common bile duct stones. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59 (04) 857-864
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Lee SH, Park JK, Yoon WJ. et al. How to predict the outcome of endoscopic mechanical lithotripsy in patients with difficult bile duct stones?. Scand J Gastroenterol 2007; 42 (08) 1006-1010
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Gastroenterology BPGL and BS of UK guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis. Gut 2005; 54 (Suppl. 03) iii1-iii9
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Forsmark CE, Baillie J. AGA Institute Clinical Practice and Economics Committee, AGA Institute Governing Board. AGA institute technical review on acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 2007; 132 (05) 2022-2044
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Wada K, Takada T, Kawarada Y. et al. Diagnostic criteria and severity assessment of acute cholangitis: Tokyo Guidelines. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2007; 14 (01) 52-58
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Eisen GM, Baron TH, Dominitz JA. et al; American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Guideline for the management of ingested foreign bodies. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 55 (07) 802-806
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Li ZS, Sun ZX, Zou DW, Xu GM, Wu RP, Liao Z. Endoscopic management of foreign bodies in the upper-GI tract: experience with 1088 cases in China. Gastrointest Endosc 2006; 64 (04) 485-492
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Birk M, Bauerfeind P, Deprez PH. et al. Removal of foreign bodies in the upper gastrointestinal tract in adults: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Clinical Guideline. Endoscopy 2016; 48 (05) 489-496
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Diehl DL, Adler DG, Conway JD. et al; Asge Technology Committee. Endoscopic retrieval devices. Gastrointest Endosc 2009; 69 (06) 997-1003
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Ikenberry SO, Jue TL, Anderson MA. et al; ASGE Standards of Practice Committee. Management of ingested foreign bodies and food impactions. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 73 (06) 1085-1091
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Chirica M, Kelly MD, Siboni S. et al. Esophageal emergencies: WSES guidelines. World J Emerg Surg 2019; 14 (01) 26
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Gomez-Esquivel R, Raju GS. Endoscopic closure of acute esophageal perforations. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2013; 15 (05) 321
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Watkins JR, Farivar AS. Endoluminal therapies for esophageal perforations and leaks. Thorac Surg Clin 2018; 28 (04) 541-554
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Voermans RP, Le Moine O, von Renteln D. et al; CLIPPER Study Group. Efficacy of endoscopic closure of acute perforations of the gastrointestinal tract. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 10 (06) 603-608
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 Persson S, Rouvelas I, Irino T, Lundell L. Outcomes following the main treatment options in patients with a leaking esophagus: a systematic literature review. Dis Esophagus 2017; 30 (12) 1-10
    Google Scholar
  • 111 Still S, Mencio M, Ontiveros E, Burdick J, Leeds SG. Primary and rescue endoluminal vacuum therapy in the management of esophageal perforations and leaks. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2018; 24 (04) 173-179
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 112 Ofosu A, Ramai D, Latson W, Adler DG. Endoscopic management of bleeding gastrointestinal tumors. Ann Gastroenterol 2019; 32 (04) 346-351
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 113 Shin J, Cha B, Park JS. et al. Efficacy of a novel hemostatic adhesive powder in patients with upper gastrointestinal tumor bleeding. BMC Gastroenterol 2021; 21 (01) 40
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 114 Arena M, Masci E, Eusebi LH. et al. Hemospray for treatment of acute bleeding due to upper gastrointestinal tumours. Dig Liver Dis 2017; 49 (05) 514-517
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 115 Pittayanon R, Prueksapanich P, Rerknimitr R. The efficacy of Hemospray in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding from tumor. Endosc Int Open 2016; 4 (09) E933-E936
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 116 Naveed M, Jamil LH, Fujii-Lau LL. et al. American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guideline on the role of endoscopy in the management of acute colonic pseudo-obstruction and colonic volvulus. Gastrointest Endosc 2020; 91 (02) 228-235
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 117 Tsirline VB, Zemlyak AY, Avery MJ. et al. Colonoscopy is superior to neostigmine in the treatment of Ogilvie's syndrome. Am J Surg 2012; 204 (06) 849-855 , discussion 855
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 118 Peker KD, Cikot M, Bozkurt MA. et al. Colonoscopic decompression should be used before neostigmine in the treatment of Ogilvie's syndrome. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2017; 43 (04) 557-566
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 119 van Hooft JE, Bemelman WA, Oldenburg B. et al; collaborative Dutch Stent-In study group. Colonic stenting versus emergency surgery for acute left-sided malignant colonic obstruction: a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet Oncol 2011; 12 (04) 344-352
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 120 Allievi N, Ceresoli M, Fugazzola P, Montori G, Coccolini F, Ansaloni L. Endoscopic stenting as bridge to surgery versus emergency resection for left-sided malignant colorectal obstruction: an updated meta-analysis. Int J Surg Oncol 2017; 2017: 2863272
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 121 Kedia P, Sharaiha RZ, Kumta NA. et al. Endoscopic gallbladder drainage compared with percutaneous drainage. Gastrointest Endosc 2015; 82 (06) 1031-1036
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 122 James TW, Baron TH. EUS-guided gallbladder drainage: a review of current practices and procedures. Endosc Ultrasound 2019; 8 (Suppl. 01) S28-S34
    PubMedGoogle Scholar