Abstract
Periodontitis is a complex chronic disease discernible by the deterioration of periodontal
tissue. The goal of periodontal therapy is to achieve complete tissue regeneration,
and one of the most promising treatment options is to harness the regenerative potential
of stem cells available within the periodontal complex. Periodontal ligament stem
cells, gingival mesenchymal stem cells, oral periosteal stem cells, and dental follicle
stem cells have structural similarities, but their immunological responses and features
differ. The qualities of diverse periodontal stem cells, their immune-modulatory effects,
and variances in their phenotypes and characteristics will be discussed in this review.
Although there is evidence on each stem cell population in the periodontium, understanding
the differences in markers expressed, the various research conducted so far on their
regenerative potential, will help in understanding which stem cell population will
be a better candidate for tissue engineering. The possibility of selecting the most
amenable stem cell population for optimal periodontal regeneration and the development
and current application of superior tissue engineering treatment options such as autologous
transplantation, three-dimensional bioengineered scaffolds, dental stem cell-derived
extracellular vesicles will be explored.
Keywords
3D-bioprinting - exosomes - immune phenotype - periodontal regeneration - periodontal
stem cells - regenerative medicine - stem cells - tissue engineering
