manuelletherapie 2017; 21(04): 161-169
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-116683
Schwerpunkt Beschleunigungstrauma
Vertiefung
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

WAD: Assessment und Management

Michele Sterling
,
Ashley Smith
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
14 September 2017 (online)

Zusammenfassung

Whiplash-Associated Disorders (WAD) umfassen alle klinischen Symptome, unter denen Patienten nach einem Beschleunigungstrauma leiden. Die Ursachen, die diesen Symptomen zugrunde liegen, sind komplex. Diverse Assessments zu kennen und die Konsequenzen aus deren Ergebnissen zu ziehen, ist notwendig, um dieser Komplexität gerecht zu werden.

 
  • Literatur

  • 1 Barnsley L, Lord SM, Wallis BJ. et al. The prevalence of chronic cervical zygapophysial joint pain after whiplash. Spine 1995; 20: 20-5 discussion 26
  • 2 Bennett MI, Smith BH, Torrance N. et al. The S-LANSS score for identifying pain of predominantly neuropathic origin: validation for use in clinical and postal research. J Pain 2005; 6: 149-58
  • 3 Blincoe L, Seay A, Zaloshnja E. et al. The Economic Impact of Motor Vehicle Crashes 2000. In: Transportation WDDo ed: DOT HS. 2002
  • 4 Bogduk N. Why Pay For What Does Not Work?. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 2000; 8: 29-53
  • 5 Carroll LJP, Hogg-Johnson SP, van der Velde GDC. et al. Course and Prognostic Factors for Neck Pain in the General Population: Results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000–2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders. Spine 2008; 33 (4S) S75-S82
  • 6 Carroll LJ, Holm LW, Hogg-Johnson S. et al. Course and prognostic factors for neck pain in whiplash-associated disorders (WAD): results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000–2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders. Spine 2008; 33: S83-92
  • 7 Casey PP, Feyer AM, Cameron ID. Course of recovery for whiplash associated disorders in a compensation setting. Injury 2015; 46: 2118-29
  • 8 Cathcart S, Pritchard D. Reliability of pain threshold measurement in young adults. J Headache Pain 2006; 7: 21-6
  • 9 Cote P, Cassidy JD, Carroll L. et al. A Systematic Review of the Prognosis of Acute Whiplash and a New Conceptual Framework to Synthesize the Literature. Spine 2001; 26: E445-E458
  • 10 Cote P, Wong JJ, Sutton D. et al. Management of neck pain and associated disorders: A clinical practice guideline from the Ontario Protocol for Traffic Injury Management (OPTIMa) Collaboration. Eur Spine J 2016; 25: 2000-22
  • 11 Craig A, Tran Y, Guest R. et al. Psychological impact of injuries sustained in motor vehicle crashes: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2016; 6 e011993
  • 12 Creamer M, Bell R, Failla S. Psychometric properties of the Impact of Events Scale. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2003; 41: 1489-1496
  • 13 Curatolo M, Petersen-Felix S, Arendt-Nielsen L. et al. Central hypersensitivity in chronic pain after whiplash injury. The Clinical journal of pain 2001; 17: 306-15
  • 14 Curatolo M, Bogduk N, Ivancic PC. et al. The role of tissue damage in whiplash-associated disorders: discussion paper 1. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2011; 36: S309-15
  • 15 Daenen L, Nijs J, Roussel N. et al. Dysfunctional pain inhibition in patients with chronic whiplash-associated disorders: an experimental study. Clinical rheumatology 2013; 32: 23-31
  • 16 Daenen L, Nijs J, Raadsen B. et al. Cervical motor dysfunction and its predictive value for long-term recovery in patients with acute whiplash-associated disorders: a systematic review. Journal of rehabilitation medicine 2013; 45: 113-22
  • 17 Dall’Alba P, Sterling M, Trealeven J. et al. Cervical range of motion discriminates between asymptomatic and whiplash subjects. Spine 2001; 26: 2090-2094
  • 18 Dehner C, Heym B, Maier D. et al. Postural control deficit in acute QTF grade II whiplash injuries. Gait & posture 2008; 28: 113-9
  • 19 Dunne RL, Kenardy J, Sterling M. A randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy for the treatment of PTSD in the context of chronic whiplash. The Clinical journal of pain 2012; 28: 755-65
  • 20 Elliott J, Sterling M, Noteboom JT. et al. Fatty infiltrate in the cervical extensor muscles is not a feature of chronic, insidious-onset neck pain. Clinical radiology 2008; 63: 681-687
  • 21 Elliott JM, O’Leary S, Sterling M. et al. Magnetic resonance imaging findings of fatty infiltrate in the cervical flexors in chronic whiplash. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2010; 35: 948-54
  • 22 Falla D, Jull G, Hodges PW. Feedforward activity of the cervical flexor muscles during voluntary arm movements is delayed in chronic neck pain. Experimental brain research Experimentelle Hirnforschung 2004; 157: 43-8
  • 23 Falla D. Neuromuscular Control of the Cervical Spine in Neck Pain Disorders. In: Graven-Nielsen T, Arendt-Nielsen L, Mense S. eds. Fundamentals of Musculoskeletal Pain. Seattle: IASP Press; 2008: 417-430
  • 24 Fattori B, Borsari C, Vannucci G. et al. Acupuncture treatment for balance disorders following whiplash injury. Acupunct Electrother Res 1996; 21: 207-17
  • 25 Fernandez-de-las-Penas C, Fernandez-Carnero J, Plaza P. et al. Dorsal manipulation in whiplash injury treatment: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Whiplash and Related Disorders 2004; 3
  • 26 Ferrari R, Russell AS. The whiplash syndrome – common sense revisited. J Rheumatol 1997; 24: 618-23
  • 27 Field S, Treleaven J, Jull G. Standing balance: a comparison between idiopathic and whiplash-induced neck pain. Manual therapy 2008; 13: 183-91
  • 28 Gimse R, Tjell C, Bjorgen IA. et al. Disturbed eye movements after whiplash due to injuries to the posture control system. Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology 1996; 18: 178-86
  • 29 Goldsmith R, Wright C, Bell SF. et al. Cold hyperalgesia as a prognostic factor in whiplash associated disorders: a systematic review. Manual therapy 2012; 17: 402-10
  • 30 Grip H, Jull G, Treleaven J. Head eye co-ordination using simultaneous measurement of eye in head and head in space movements: potential for use in subjects with a whiplash injury. Journal of clinical monitoring and computing 2009; 23: 31-40
  • 31 Gross A, Forget M, St George K. et al. Patient education for neck pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012 Art No: CD005106
  • 32 Heikkila H, Astrom PG. Cervicocephalic kinesthetic sensibility in patients with whiplash injury. Scandinavian journal of rehabilitation medicine 1996; 28: 133-8
  • 33 Heikkila H, Johansson M, Wenngren BI. Effects of acupuncture, cervical manipulation and NSAID therapy on dizziness and impaired head repositioning of suspected cervical origin: a pilot study. Manual therapy 2000; 5: 151-7
  • 34 Hoy D, March L. Woolf. et al. The global burden of neck pain: estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study. Annals of Rheumatic Disease 2014; 73: 1309-1315
  • 35 Joslin CC, Khan SN, Bannister GC. Long-term disability after neck injury: a comparative study. The Journal of bone and joint surgery 2004; 86: 1032-4
  • 36 Jull G. Deep Cervical Flexor Muscle Dysfunction in Whiplash. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 2000; 8: 143-154
  • 37 Jull G, Kristjansson E, Dall’Alba P. Impairment in the cervical flexors: a comparison of whiplash and insidious onset neck pain patients. Manual therapy 2004; 9: 89-94
  • 38 Jull G, Sterling M, Kenardy J. et al. Does the presence of sensory hypersensitivity influence outcomes of physical rehabilitation for chronic whiplash? A preliminary RCT. Pain 2007; 129: 28-34
  • 39 Jull G, Sterling M, Falla D. et al. Whiplash, Headache and Neck Pain. Churchill Livingstone; 2008
  • 40 Jull G, Soderlund A, Stemper B. et al. Towards optimal early management after whiplash injury to lessen the rate of transition to chronicity. Spine 2011; 36 s275-s287
  • 41 Jull G, Kenardy J, Hendrikz J. et al. Management of acute whiplash: A randomized controlled trial of multidisciplinary stratified treatments. Pain 2013; 154: 1798-806
  • 42 Kamper S, Rebbeck T, Maher C. et al. Course and prognostic factors of whiplash: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain 2008; 138: 617-629
  • 43 Kaneoka K, Ono K, Inami S. et al. Motion analysis of cervical vertebrae during whiplash loading. Spine 1999; 24: 763-9 discussion 770
  • 44 Karlberg M, Magnusson M, Malmstrom EM. et al. Postural and symptomatic improvement after physiotherapy in patients with dizziness of suspected cervical origin. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 1996; 77: 874-82
  • 45 Koelbaek Johansen M, Graven-Nielsen T, Schou Olesen A. et al. Generalized muscular hyperalgesia in chronic whiplash syndrome. Pain 1999; 83: 229-34
  • 46 Kristjansson E, Dall’Alba P, Jull G. A study of five cervicocephalic relocation tests in three different subject groups. Clinical rehabilitation 2003; 17: 768-74
  • 47 Kristjansson E, Hardardottir L, Asmundardottir M. et al. A new clinical test for cervicocephalic kinesthetic sensibility: “the fly”. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2004; 85: 490-5
  • 48 Kumbhare DA, Balsor B, Parkinson WL. et al. Measurement of cervical flexor endurance following whiplash. Disability and rehabilitation 2005; 27: 801-7
  • 49 Lamb SE, Gates S, Williams MA. et al. Emergency department treatments and physiotherapy for acute whiplash: a pragmatic, two-step, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2013; 381: 546-56
  • 50 Lemming D, Graven-Nielsen T, Sorensen J. et al. Widespread pain hypersensitivity and facilitated temporal summation of deep tissue pain in whiplash associated disorder: an explorative study of women. J Rehabil Med 2012; 44: 648-57
  • 51 Lim EC, Sterling M, Stone A. et al. Central hyperexcitability as measured with nociceptive flexor reflex threshold in chronic musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review. Pain 2011; 152: 1811-20
  • 52 Lord SM, Barnsley L, Wallis BJ. et al. Chronic cervical zygapophysial joint pain after whiplash: a placebo-controlled prevalence study. Spine 1996; 21: 1737-44 discussion 1744–5
  • 53 Maxwell S, Sterling M. An investigation of the use of a numeric pain rating scale with ice application to the neck to determine cold hyperalgesia. Manual therapy 2013; 18: 172-4
  • 54 Mayer TG, Neblett R, Cohen H. et al. The development and psychometric validation of the central sensitization inventory. Pain Pract 2012; 12: 276-85
  • 55 Mayou R, Bryant B. Psychiatry of whiplash neck injury. Br J Psychiatry 2002; 180: 441-8
  • 56 Michaleff ZA, Maher CG, Lin CW. et al. Comprehensive physiotherapy exercise programme or advice for chronic whiplash (PROMISE): a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2014; 384: 133-141
  • 57 Moog M, Quintner J, Hall T. et al. The late whiplash syndrome: a psychophysical study. European journal of pain (London, England) 2002; 6: 283-94
  • 58 Nagin DS, Odgers CL. Group-Based Trajectory Modeling in Clinical Research. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 2010; 6: 109-138
  • 59 Neblett R, Cohen H, Choi Y. et al. The Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI): establishing clinically significant values for identifying central sensitivity syndromes in an outpatient chronic pain sample. J Pain 2013; 14: 438-45
  • 60 Neblett R, Hartzell MM, Mayer TG. et al. Establishing Clinically Relevant Severity Levels for the Central Sensitization Inventory. Pain Pract 2017; 17: 166-175
  • 61 Nederhand MJ, Ijzerman MJ, Hermens HJ. et al. Cervical muscle dysfunction in the chronic whiplash associated disorder grade II (WAD-II). Spine 2000; 25: 1938-43
  • 62 Ng TS, Pedler A, Vicenzino B. et al. Less Efficacious Conditioned Pain Modulation and Sensory Hypersensitivity in Chronic Whiplash-associated Disorders in Singapore. The Clinical journal of pain 2013; 30: 436-42
  • 63 Pearson I, Reichert A, De Serres SJ. et al. Maximal voluntary isometric neck strength deficits in adults with whiplash-associated disorders and association with pain and fear of movement. The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy 2009; 39: 179-87
  • 64 Peat G. Targeting treatment for non-specific musculoskeletal pain. Pain 2008; 139: 483-4
  • 65 Pedler A, Sterling M. Patients with chronic whiplash can be subgrouped on the basis of symptoms of sensory hypersensitivity and posttraumatic stress. Pain 2013; 154: 1640-8
  • 66 Physiotherapists CSo. Clinical guidelines for the physiotherapy management of whiplash associated disorder. London, UK: Chartered Society of Physiotherapists; 2004
  • 67 Prushansky T, Gepstein R, Gordon C. et al. Cervical muscles weakness in chronic whiplash patients. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2005; 20: 794-8
  • 68 Radanov B, Sturzenegger M, Di Stefano G. Long-term outcome after whiplash injury: a 2-year follow-up considering features of injury mechanism and somatic, radiologic, and psychological findings. Medicine 1995; 74: 281-297
  • 69 Rauschning W, Jonsson H. Injuries of the Cervical Spine in Automobile Accidents: Pathoanatomic and Clinical Aspects. In: Gunzberg R, Szpalski M. eds. Whiplash Injuries: Current Concepts in Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of the Cervical Whiplash Syndrome. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1998
  • 70 Reid SA, Rivett DA, Katekar MG. et al. Sustained natural apophyseal glides (SNAGs) are an effective treatment for cervicogenic dizziness. Manual therapy 2008; 13: 357-66
  • 71 Revel M, Andre-Deshays C, Minguet M. Cervicocephalic kinesthetic sensibility in patients with cervical pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 1991; 72: 288-91
  • 72 Ritchie C, Hendrikz J, Kenardy J. et al. Development and validation of a screening tool to identify both chronicity and recovery following whiplash injury. Pain 2013; 154: 2198-2206
  • 73 Ritchie C, Hendrikz J, Jull G. et al. External validation of a clinical prediction rule to predict full recovery and continued moderate/severe disability following acute whiplash injury. JOSPT 2015; 45: 242-250
  • 74 Rolke R, Magerl W, Campbell KA. et al. Quantitative sensory testing: a comprehensive protocol for clinical trials. European journal of pain (London, England) 2006; 10: 77-88
  • 75 Roren A, Mayoux-Benhamou MA, Fayad F. et al. Comparison of visual and ultrasound based techniques to measure head repositioning in healthy and neck-pain subjects. Manual therapy 2009; 14: 270-7
  • 76 Rushton A, Wright C, Heneghan N. et al. Physiotherapy rehabilitation for whiplash associated disorder II: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ Open 2011; 1 e000265
  • 77 Russell G, Nicol P. ‘I’ve broken my neck or something!’ The general practice experience of whiplash. Family Practice 2009; 26: 115-120
  • 78 Salo PK, Hakkinen AH, Kautiainen H. et al. Effect of neck strength training on health-related quality of life in females with chronic neck pain: a randomized controlled 1-year follow-up study. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2010; 8: 48
  • 79 Schneider GM, Smith AD, Hooper A. et al. Minimizing the source of nociception and its concurrent effect on sensory hypersensitivity: an exploratory study in chronic whiplash patients. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2010; 11: 29
  • 80 Scholten-Peeters GG, Verhagen AP, Bekkering GE. et al. Prognostic factors of whiplash-associated disorders: a systematic review of prospective cohort studies. Pain 2003; 104: 303-322
  • 81 Schubert MC, Minor LB. Vestibulo-ocular physiology underlying vestibular hypofunction. Physical therapy 2004; 84: 373-85
  • 82 Scott D, Jull G, Sterling M. Widespread sensory hypersensitivity is a feature of chronic whiplash-associated disorder but not chronic idiopathic neck pain. The Clinical journal of pain 2005; 21: 175-81
  • 83 Silva AG, Cruz AL. Standing balance in patients with whiplash-associated neck pain and idiopathic neck pain when compared with asymptomatic participants: A systematic review. Physiotherapy theory and practice 2013; 29: 1-18
  • 84 Sjostrom H, Allum JH, Carpenter MG. et al. Trunk sway measures of postural stability during clinical balance tests in patients with chronic whiplash injury symptoms. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2003; 28: 1725-34
  • 85 Smith A, Jull G, Schneider G. et al. Cervical Radiofrequency Neurotomy Reduces Psychological Features in Individuals with Chronic Whiplash Symptoms. Pain physician 2014; 17: 265-274
  • 86 Smith AD, Jull G, Schneider G. et al. Cervical Radiofrequency Neurotomy Reduces Central Hyperexcitability and Improves Neck Movement in Individuals with Chronic Whiplash. Pain medicine 2014; 15: 128-141
  • 87 Smith A, Ritchie C, Pedler A. et al. Exercise induced hypoalgesia is elicited by isometric, but not aerobic exercise in individuals with chronic whiplash associated disorders. Scandinavian Journal of Pain 2017; 15: 14-21
  • 88 Southerst D, Nordin MC, Cote P. et al. Is exercise effective for the management of neck pain and associated disorders or whiplash-associated disorders? A systematic review by the Ontario Protocol for Traffic Injury Management (OPTIMa) Collaboration. Spine J. 2014
  • 89 Spitzer W, Skovron M, Salmi L. et al. Scientific Monograph of Quebec Task Force on Whiplash associated Disorders: redefining “Whiplash and its management”. Spine 1995; 20: 1-73
  • 90 Stapley PJ, Beretta MV, Dalla Toffola E. et al. Neck muscle fatigue and postural control in patients with whiplash injury. Clin Neurophysiol 2006; 117: 610-22
  • 91 State Insurance Regulatory Authority. Guidelines for the management of acute whiplash-associated disorders – for health professionals. Sydney: third edition. 2014
  • 92 Sterling M, Treleaven J, Edwards S. et al. Pressure Pain Thresholds in Chronic Whiplash Associated Disorder: Further Evidence of Altered Central Pain Processing. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 2002; 10: 69-81
  • 93 Sterling M, Jull G, Vicenzino B. et al. Development of motor system dysfunction following whiplash injury. Pain 2003; 103: 65-73
  • 94 Sterling M, Jull G, Vicenzino B. et al. Sensory hypersensitivity occurs soon after whiplash injury and is associated with poor recovery. Pain 2003; 104: 509-17
  • 95 Sterling M, Jull G, Kenardy J. Physical and psychological factors maintain long-term predictive capacity post-whiplash injury. Pain 2006; 122: 102-108
  • 96 Sterling M. Testing for sensory hypersensitivity or central hyperexcitability associated with cervical spine pain. Journal of manipulative and physiological therapeutics 2008; 31: 534-9
  • 97 Sterling M, Hendrikz J, Kenardy J. Compensation claim lodgement and health outcome developmental trajectories following whiplash injury: A prospective study. Pain 2010; 150: 22-28
  • 98 Sterling M, McLean S, Sullivan M. et al. Potential processes involved in the initiation and maintenance of Whiplash Associated Disorders (WAD). Spine 2011; 36 S322-S329
  • 99 Stewart MJ, Maher CG, Refshauge KM. et al. Randomized controlled trial of exercise for chronic whiplash-associated disorders. Pain 2007; 128: 59-68
  • 100 Stiell IG, Wells GA, Vandemheen KL. et al. The Canadian C-spine rule for radiography in alert and stable trauma patients. Jama 2001; 286: 1841-8
  • 101 Stone AM, Vicenzino B, Lim EC. et al. Measures of central hyperexcitability in chronic whiplash associated disorder--a systematic review and meta-analysis. Manual therapy 2013; 18: 111-7
  • 102 Storaci R, Manelli A, Schiavone N. et al. Whiplash injury and oculomotor dysfunctions: clinical-posturographic correlations. Eur Spine J 2006; 15: 1811-6
  • 103 Sullivan M, Bishop S, Pivik J. The pain catastrophizing scale: development and validation. Psychological Assessment 1995; 7: 524-532
  • 104 Sullivan MJ, Adams H, Mahar D. et al. The role of perceived injustice in the experience of chronic pain and disability: scale development and validation. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation 2008; 18: 249-261
  • 105 Sutton DA, Cote P, Wong JJ. et al. Is multimodal care effective for the management of patients with whiplash-associated disorders or neck pain and associated disorders? A systematic review by the Ontario Protocol for Traffic Injury Management (OPTIMa) Collaboration. Spine J. 2014
  • 106 Taylor J, Taylor M. Cervical spine injuries: an autopsy study of 109 blunt injuries. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 1996; 4: 61-79
  • 107 Teasell R, McClure J, Walton D. et al A research synthesis of therapeutic interventions for whiplash-associated disorder (WAD): part 2 – interventions for acute WAD. Pain Research and Management 2010; 15: 295-304
  • 108 Teasell R, McClure J, Walton D. et al. A research synthesis of therapeutic interventions for WAD: Part 4 – non invasive interventions for chronic WAD. Pain Research and Management 2010; 15: 313-322
  • 109 Tjell C, Rosenhall U. Smooth pursuit neck torsion test: a specific test for cervical dizziness. Am J Otol 1998; 19: 76-81
  • 110 Tjell C, Tenenbaum A, Sandstrom S. Smooth pursuit neck torsion test – A specific test for whiplash associated disorders?. Journal of Whiplash & Related Disorders 2002; 1: 9-24
  • 111 TRACsa. A clinical pathway for best practice management of acute and chronic whiplash-associated disorders. Adelaide: South Australian Centre for Trauma and Injury Recovery; 2008
  • 112 TRACsa: Trauma and Injury Recovery. Clinical guidelines for best practice management of acute and chronic whiplash-associated disorders. TRACsa. Adelaide: November 2008
  • 113 Treleaven J, Jull G, Sterling M. Dizziness and unsteadiness following whiplash injury: characteristic features and relationship with cervical joint position error. J Rehabil Med 2003; 35: 36-43
  • 114 Treleaven J, Jull G, LowChoy N. Smooth pursuit neck torsion test in whiplash-associated disorders: relationship to self-reports of neck pain and disability, dizziness and anxiety. J Rehabil Med 2005; 37: 219-23
  • 115 Treleaven J, Jull G, Lowchoy N. Standing balance in persistent whiplash: a comparison between subjects with and without dizziness. J Rehabil Med 2005; 37: 224-9
  • 116 Treleaven J, Jull G, LowChoy N. The relationship of cervical joint position error to balance and eye movement disturbances in persistent whiplash. Manual therapy 2006; 11: 99-106
  • 117 Treleaven J. Sensorimotor disturbances in neck disorders affecting postural stability, head and eye movement control. Manual therapy 2008; 13: 2-11
  • 118 Treleaven J, LowChoy N, Darnell R. et al. Comparison of sensorimotor disturbance between subjects with persistent whiplash-associated disorder and subjects with vestibular pathology associated with acoustic neuroma. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2008; 89: 522-30
  • 119 Treleaven J, Jull G, Grip H. Head eye co-ordination and gaze stability in subjects with persistent whiplash associated disorders. Man Ther 2011; 16: 252-7
  • 120 Uhrenholt L, Grunnet-Nilsson N, Hartvigsen J. Cervical spine lesions after road traffic accidents: a systematic review. Spine 2002; 27: 1934-41 discussion 1940
  • 121 Van Oosterwijck J, Nijs J, Meeus M. et al. Pain neurophysiology education improves cognitions, pain thresholds, and movement performance in people with chronic whiplash: a pilot study. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 2011; 48: 43-58
  • 122 Van Oosterwijck J, Nijs J, Meeus M. et al. Lack of endogenous pain inhibition during exercise in people with chronic whiplash associated disorders: an experimental study. J Pain 2012; 13: 242-54
  • 123 Van Oosterwijck J, Nijs J, Meeus M. et al. Evidence for central sensitization in chronic whiplash: a systematic literature review. European journal of pain (London, England) 2013; 17: 299-312
  • 124 Vetti N, Krakenes J, Eide GE. et al. Are MRI high-signal changes of alar and transverse ligaments in acute whiplash injury related to outcome?. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2011; 11: 260
  • 125 Walton D, Pretty J, Macdermid J. et al. Rick factors for persistent problems following whiplash injury: results of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 2009; 39: 334-350
  • 126 Walton DM, Carroll LJ, Kasch H. et al. An Overview of Systematic Reviews on Prognostic Factors in Neck Pain: Results from the International Collaboration on Neck Pain (ICON) Project. The Open Orthopaedics Journal 2013; 7: 494-505
  • 127 Walton DM, MacDermid JC, Giorgianni AA. et al. Risk Factors for Persistent Problems Following Acute Whiplash Injury: Update of a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 2013; 43: 31-43
  • 128 Williams M, Williamson E, Gates S. et al. A systematic review of physical prognostic factors for the development of late whiplash syndrome. Spine 2007; 32: E764-E780
  • 129 Williamson E, Williams M, Gates S. et al. A systematic review of psychological factors and the development of late whiplash syndrome. Pain 2008; 135: 20-30
  • 130 Winkelstein BA, Nightingale RW, Richardson WJ. et al. The cervical facet capsule and its role in whiplash injury: a biomechanical investigation. Spine 2000; 25: 1238-46
  • 131 Wong JJ, Cote P, Shearer HM. et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of conditions related to traffic collisions: a systematic review by the OPTIMa Collaboration. Disability and rehabilitation 2015; 37: 471-89
  • 132 Woolf CJ. Central sensitization: implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain. Pain. 2011 152. S2–15
  • 133 Yarnitsky D, Granot M, Granovsky Y. Pain modulation profile and pain therapy: between pro- and antinociception. Pain 2014; 155: 663-5