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Facial Plast Surg 2023; 39(03): 253-265
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1764290
Original Article

Evidence-Based Medicine for Midface/Orbit/Upper Facial Fracture Repair

Yongzhen Chen
1   Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
,
Alizabeth Weber
2   Department of Otolaryngology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
,
Collin Chen
2   Department of Otolaryngology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
› Author Affiliations
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Abstract

The face is one of the most common areas of traumatic injury, making up approximately 25% of all injuries in 2016. Assault, motor vehicle collision (MVC), fall, sports, occupational, and gunshot wounds (GSW) are all common causes of facial fractures, with MVC and GSW leading to significantly higher severity of injuries. Most facial fractures occur in the upper two-thirds of the face. Most facial fractures require timely assessment, diagnosis, and treatment for optimal restoration of facial structures and functions. Without proper initial management, significant complications including immediate complications such as airway compromise, massive bleeding, infection, intracranial hemorrhages, or even death, and long-term complications such as poor functional outcomes and aesthetic setbacks can occur. The goal of this review is to summarize the management of fractures of the upper face, orbit, and midface and provide an update about complications and their management.

Keywords

facial fractures - frontal sinus fractures - orbit - naso-orbitoethmoid fracture - zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture


Publication History

Article published online:
16 March 2023

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