Role of Genetic Markers in Dental Caries: A Literature Review

Disha Sharma; Srikala Bhandary

doi:10.1055/s-0043-1771387

Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU, Table of Contents

CC BY 4.0 · Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU 2024; 14(03): 303-308
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1771387

Review Article

Role of Genetic Markers in Dental Caries: A Literature Review

Authors

Disha Sharma

¹Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, A B Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences (ABSMIDS), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
Srikala Bhandary

¹Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, A B Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences (ABSMIDS), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India

Abstract

Introduction This article reviews the literature on the role of genetic markers in the initiation and progression of dental caries and provides a modern understanding of the disease etiology. Dental caries is a complex, chronic, multifactorial disease which is influenced by genetic, environmental, and social factors. Identification of genetic risk factors will help screen and identify susceptible patients to better understand the contribution of genes in caries etiopathogenesis to formulate various diagnostic and novel therapeutic approaches in the management of the disease.

Materials and Methods Innovations and ideas were retrieved based on the literature in journals and textbooks indexed in PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science database. The theories obtained are then summarized into a continuous series; thus, readers can more easily understand the ideas and innovations offered.

Results Through interactions of the involved gene products, genetic markers have been constructed and provide us with insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying caries. There can also be gene–gene interactions or gene–environment interactions that create epigenetic effects that all possibly contribute to caries risk and resistance. A variety of caries markers have been identified, including genes affecting salivary flow rates and composition, tooth formation genes, as well as immune genes.

Conclusion Information derived from various diverse studies will provide new tools to target individuals and/or populations for a more efficient and effective implementation of new preventive measures and diagnostic and novel therapeutic approaches in the management of dental caries.

Keywords

genetics - dental caries - salivary flow - extracellular matrix

Full Text

References

References
1 Udina IG, Gulenko OV. Molecular-genetic mechanisms of caries development. Russ J Genet 2018; 54 (04) 415-422
2 Bretz WA, Corby PM, Melo MR. et al. Heritability estimates for dental caries and sucrose sweetness preference. Arch Oral Biol 2006; 51 (12) 1156-1160
3 Wang X, Shaffer JR, Weyant RJ. et al. Genes and their effects on dental caries may differ between primary and permanent dentitions. Caries Res 2010; 44 (03) 277-284
4 Küchler EC, Deeley K, Ho B. et al. Genetic mapping of high caries experience on human chromosome 13. BMC Med Genet 2013; 14: 116
5 Küchler EC, Feng P, Deeley K. et al. Fine mapping of locus Xq25.1-27-2 for a low caries experience phenotype. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59 (05) 479-486
6 Briseño-Ruiz J, Shimizu T, Deeley K. et al. Role of TRAV locus in low caries experience. Hum Genet 2013; 132 (09) 1015-1025
7 Eckert S, Feingold E, Cooper M. et al. Variants on chromosome 4q21 near PKD2 and SIBLINGs are associated with dental caries. J Hum Genet 2017; 62 (04) 491-496
8 Wang Q, Jia P, Cuenco KT. et al. Multi-dimensional prioritization of dental caries candidate genes and its enriched dense network modules. PLoS One 2013; 8 (10) e76666
9 Werneck RI, Mira MT, Trevilatto PC. A critical review: an overview of genetic influence on dental caries. Oral Dis 2010; 16 (07) 613-623
10 Cavallari T, Arima LY, Ferrasa A. et al. Dental caries: Genetic and protein interactions. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 108: 104522
11 Acton RT, Dasanayake AP, Harrison RA. et al. Associations of MHC genes with levels of caries-inducing organisms and caries severity in African-American women. Hum Immunol 1999; 60 (10) 984-989
12 Townsend GC, Richards L, Hughes T, Pinkerton S, Schwerdt W. Epigenetic influences may explain dental differences in monozygotic twin pairs. Aust Dent J 2005; 50 (02) 95-100
13 Shaffer JR, Feingold E, Wang X. et al. Clustering tooth surfaces into biologically informative caries outcomes. J Dent Res 2013; 92 (01) 32-37
14 Wang X, Willing MC, Marazita ML. et al. Genetic and environmental factors associated with dental caries in children: the Iowa Fluoride Study. Caries Res 2012; 46 (03) 177-184
15 Yang J, Kawasaki K, Lee M. et al. The dentin phosphoprotein repeat region and inherited defects of dentin. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2015; 4 (01) 28-38
16 Kim JW, Hu JC, Lee JI. et al. Mutational hot spot in the DSPP gene causing dentinogenesis imperfecta type II. Hum Genet 2005; 116 (03) 186-191
17 Stanley BOC, Feingold E, Cooper M. et al. Genetic association of MPPED2 and ACTN2 with dental caries. J Dent Res 2014; 93 (07) 626-632
18 Tannure PN, Küchler EC, Lips A. et al. Genetic variation in MMP20 contributes to higher caries experience. J Dent 2012; 40 (05) 381-386
19 Kang HY, Seymen F, Lee SK. et al. Candidate gene strategy reveals ENAM mutations. J Dent Res 2009; 88 (03) 266-269
20 Kim JW, Seymen F, Lin BP. et al. ENAM mutations in autosomal-dominant amelogenesis imperfecta. J Dent Res 2005; 84 (03) 278-282
21 Hart PS, Hart TC, Michalec MD. et al. Mutation in kallikrein 4 causes autosomal recessive hypomaturation amelogenesis imperfecta. J Med Genet 2004; 41 (07) 545-549
22 Kim JW, Simmer JP, Hart TC. et al. MMP-20 mutation in autosomal recessive pigmented hypomaturation amelogenesis imperfecta. J Med Genet 2005; 42 (03) 271-275
23 Vieira AR, Modesto A, Marazita ML. Caries: review of human genetics research. Caries Res 2014; 48 (05) 491-506
24 Opal S, Garg S, Jain J, Walia I. Genetic factors affecting dental caries risk. Aust Dent J 2015; 60 (01) 2-11
25 Kim JW, Simmer JP, Hu YY. et al. Amelogenin p.M1T and p.W4S mutations underlying hypoplastic X-linked amelogenesis imperfecta. J Dent Res 2004; 83 (05) 378-383
26 Lu Y, Papagerakis P, Yamakoshi Y, Hu JC, Bartlett JD, Simmer JP. Functions of KLK4 and MMP-20 in dental enamel formation. Biol Chem 2008; 389 (06) 695-700
27 Riley BT, Ilyichova O, Costa MGS. et al. Direct and indirect mechanisms of KLK4 inhibition revealed by structure and dynamics. Sci Rep 2016; 6: 35385
28 Shimizu T, Ho B, Deeley K. et al. Enamel formation genes influence enamel microhardness before and after cariogenic challenge. PLoS One 2012; 7 (09) e45022
29 Patir A, Seymen F, Yildirim M. et al. Enamel formation genes are associated with high caries experience in Turkish children. Caries Res 2008; 42 (05) 394-400
30 Tao R, Jurevic RJ, Coulton KK. et al. Salivary antimicrobial peptide expression and dental caries experience in children. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49 (09) 3883-3888
31 Stookey GK. The effect of saliva on dental caries. J Am Dent Assoc 2008; 139: 11S-17S
32 Smith JK, Siddiqui AA, Modica LA. et al. Interferon-alpha upregulates gene expression of aquaporin-5 in human parotid glands. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1999; 19 (08) 929-935
33 Culp DJ, Quivey RQ, Bowen WH, Fallon MA, Pearson SK, Faustoferri R. A mouse caries model and evaluation of aqp5-/- knockout mice. Caries Res 2005; 39 (06) 448-454
34 Kim SJ, Yu DY, Pak KW, Jeong S, Kim SW, Lee KK. Structure of the human lactoferrin gene and its chromosomal localization. Mol Cells 1998; 8 (06) 663-668
35 Doetzer AD, Brancher JA, Pecharki GD. et al. Lactotransferrin gene polymorphism associated with caries experience. Caries Res 2015; 49 (04) 370-377
36 Vieira AR, Deeley KB, Callahan NF. et al. Clinical study: detection of Streptococcus mutans genomic DNA in human DNA samples extracted from saliva and blood. ISRN Dent 2011; 2011: 543561
37 Tanner AC, Kressirer CA, Faller LL. Understanding caries from the oral microbiome perspective. J Calif Dent Assoc 2016; 44 (07) 437-446
38 Peterson SN, Meissner T, Su AI. et al. Functional expression of dental plaque microbiota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4 (04) 108
39 Nasidze I, Li J, Schroeder R, Creasey JL, Li M, Stoneking M. High diversity of the saliva microbiome in Batwa Pygmies. PLoS One 2011; 6 (08) e23352
40 Ling Z, Liu X, Wang Y, Li L, Xiang C. Pyrosequencing analysis of the salivary microbiota of healthy Chinese children and adults. Microb Ecol 2013; 65 (02) 487-495
41 Cephas KD, Kim J, Mathai RA. et al. Comparative analysis of salivary bacterial microbiome diversity in edentulous infants and their mothers or primary care givers using pyrosequencing. PLoS One 2011; 6 (08) e23503
42 Abbasoğlu Z, Tanboğa İ, Küchler EC. et al. Early childhood caries is associated with genetic variants in enamel formation and immune response genes. Caries Res 2015; 49 (01) 70-77
43 Anitha C, Konde S, Raj NS, Kumar NC, Peethamber P. Dermatoglyphics: a genetic marker of early childhood caries. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2014; 32 (03) 220-224
44 Gulenko OV, Nosenko LA, Veselovskaya EV. et al. Dermatoglyphic indices in patients with congenital defects of the dentoalveolar system. Kuban. Nauchn. Med. Vestn. 2013; (06) 85-87
45 Gulenko OV, Udina IG. Genetic predisposition to dental caries in children with congenital central nervous system development. Natural and Technical Sciences 2016; (08) 78-83
46 Gulenko OV, Volobuev VV, Verapatvelyan AF. et al. Comparative analysis of the dental caries incidence in children with neuropsychiatric disorders and congenital cleft lip and palate, living in Krasnodar. Kuban. Nauchn. Med. Vestn. 2017; (02) 56-60
47 Werneck RI, Lawrence HP, Kulkarni GV, Locker D. Early childhood caries and access to dental care among children of Portuguese-speaking immigrants in the city of Toronto. J Can Dent Assoc 2008; 74 (09) 805-806
48 Shaffer JR, Wang X, McNeil DW, Weyant RJ, Crout R, Marazita ML. Genetic susceptibility to dental caries differs between the sexes: a family-based study. Caries Res 2015; 49 (02) 133-140
49 Levy SM, Warren JJ, Broffitt B, Hillis SL, Kanellis MJ. Fluoride, beverages and dental caries in the primary dentition. Caries Res 2003; 37 (03) 157-165
50 Ferreira SH, Béria JU, Kramer PF, Feldens EG, Feldens CA. Dental caries in 0- to 5-year-old Brazilian children: prevalence, severity, and associated factors. Int J Paediatr Dent 2007; 17 (04) 289-296
51 Menghini G, Steiner M, Imfeld T. [Early childhood caries–facts and prevention]. Ther Umsch 2008; 65 (02) 75-82
52 Wendell S, Wang X, Brown M. et al. Taste genes associated with dental caries. J Dent Res 2010; 89 (11) 1198-1202