Abstract
Objective
Bone grafts derived from natural hydroxyapatite (HA) are increasingly being explored
because they are more economical in terms of production costs compared with commercial
HA. HA can be obtained from local cattle slaughter waste in Aceh, Indonesia, which
has not been widely studied for its potential for dental applications. This study
examines the synthesis and characterization of bovine HA (BHA) derived from Aceh cattle
femur through calcination for applications in dentistry.
Materials and Methods
This research began with the cleaning of fresh bones by boiling and soaking them in
acetone for 2 hours before 3-hour calcination at varying temperatures. The BHA samples
were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction,
scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), and particle
size analyzer (PSA).
Statistical Analysis
Data were analyzed using SPSS with a one-way analysis of variance to assess the impact
of calcination temperature on the yield and particle size of BHA.
Results
BHA obtained from calcination at 900°C and 1,000°C showed the highest crystallinity,
with values above 84%, and uniform particle distribution. PSA and SEM analysis showed
that BHA particles were spherical in submicron size, which became smaller and more
uniform but agglomeration did not occur significantly between each increase in calcination
temperature. FTIR analysis showed the presence of phosphate, carbonate, and hydroxyl
functional groups. Elemental composition analysis using EDX confirmed that essential
elements such as calcium and phosphorus were distributed consistently at all temperatures
with a Ca/P ratio of 1.7 to 2.3.
Discussion
Based on the characteristics of crystallinity, particle size, and chemical composition
of the obtained BHA, it is considered optimal for bioactivity, which allows stimulation
of new bone tissue formation and promotes osseointegration while balancing structural
stability. This makes BHA derived from Aceh cattle bones a suitable bone filler candidate
for treating alveolar bone defects in hard tissue regeneration. These findings highlight
the potential use of cattle bone waste as a sustainable source of HA in dental applications.
Conclusion
These findings suggest that Aceh bovine bones are a viable source for producing quality
BHA, potentially contributing to more sustainable and ecofriendly biomaterials for
dental applications.
Keywords
hydroxyapatite - Aceh bovine bone - calcination - Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)
- X-ray diffraction (XRD) - scanning electron microscope–energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX)
