Zusammenfassung
Einleitung: Nachdem Rutter u. Mitarb. 1975 erstmalig davon berichtet hatten, dass Feindseligkeit
und fehlende Wärme der Eltern mit Verhaltensauffälligkeiten bei deren Kindern assoziiert
sind, wurden seit etwa 1990 zunehmend Studien zur Bedeutung von „Expressed Emotion”
(EE) für den Verlauf kinder- und jugendpsychiatrischer Störungen publiziert. In der
vorliegenden Arbeit wird der aktuelle Forschungsstand diskutiert. Methode: Es wurde eine umfassende deutsch- und englischsprachige Literaturrecherche über den
Zeitraum von 1960 - 2002 zu dem Begriff „Expressed Emotion” einerseits und Begriffen
der Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie andererseits in den Datenbanken Medline, PsycINFO
und PSYNDEX angefertigt. Arbeiten explizit zu „Expressed Emotion” und kinder- und
jugendpsychiatrischen Störungen sowie weitere relevante Literaturzitate bilden die
Grundlage dieser Arbeit. Ergebnisse: Es gibt Hinweise, dass der EE-Status eines Elternteils ein Prädiktor für den Verlauf
von depressiven Störungen und Essstörungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter ist. Die prädiktive
Validität im Verlauf von Verhaltensstörungen konnte bislang nicht belegt werden. Überraschend
ist, dass lediglich zwei Arbeiten über den Zusammenhang des EE-Status mit dem Verlauf
schizophrener Störungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter vorliegen. Studien zum Verlauf
von Angststörungen fehlen. Die EE-Dimension-Kritik ist über verschiedene Störungsbilder
hinweg mit Verhaltensauffälligkeiten und die EE-Dimension emotionale Überinvolviertheit
mit Angststörungen assoziiert. Der EE-Status zeigt sich im Verlauf kinder- und jugendpsychiatrischer
Störungen als nicht stabil. Es gibt Anzeichen dafür, dass es im Verlauf einer psychischen
Erkrankung des Kindes bei Eltern eine Entwicklung des Expressed-Emotion-Status vom
State-Merkmal zum Trait-Merkmal gibt. Forschungsausblick: Notwendig sind weitere Studien zur prädiktiven Validität des EE-Status im Verlauf
kinder- und jugendpsychiatrischer Störungen, zu assoziierten Eltern- und Patientenvariablen
sowie Studien zur Stabilität des EE-Status im Verlauf und zu den Faktoren, die der
Verfestigung eines ungünstigen Hoch-EE-Status im Verlauf zugrunde liegen. Kinder und
Jugendpsychiater können zur Dynamik des EE-Status von Beginn der psychischen Störung
an einen wichtigen Beitrag zum gesamten Forschungsbereich liefern, dessen Ziel es
ist, effektive und möglichst frühzeitig einsetzbare Familieninterventionen zu finden.
Abstract
Objective: The review discusses empirical research on the association of “Expressed Emotion”
(EE) and the outcome of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders. Method: A comprehensive search in the databases Medline, PsycINFO and PSYNDEX was performed.
Moreover, publications cited in the reference sections were taken into consideration.
Results: Empirical data suggest that EE is a predictor of the outcome of depressive and eating
disorders in childhood and adolescence, but not of behavioural disorders and ADHD.
There are no studies on EE and its influence on anxiety disorders and - surprisingly
- only two case studies on EE and schizophrenia in childhood and adolescence. Across
psychiatric groups there is an association between behavioural disturbances of the
child and parental criticism and an association of child anxiety and parental emotional
over involvement. Data suggest that EE is not a stable variable. There is some evidence
that a high-EE-status of parents transforms from a state into a trait variable. Conclusion: Further studies on the predictive validity of EE for the outcome of child adolescent
psychiatric disorders are warranted, as well as studies on variables of the parents
and their offspring, which are associated with EE and with the entrenchment of EE
with the progress of the disorder. Child and adolescent psychiatrists may contribute
to a large research area with studies on the early development of high-EE. The mutual
goal is the development of effective early family interventions.
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Dr. Benno Graf Schimmelmann
Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und -psychotherapie · Universitätsklinikum
Hamburg-Eppendorf
Martinistr. 52
20246 Hamburg
Email: bschimme@uke.uni-hamburg.de