Zusammenfassung
In Anbetracht von niedrigen und stagnierenden Zahlen von postmortalen Nierenspenden,
der geregelten Rechtslage und der guten Ergebnisse der Lebendspende-Nierentransplantationen,
hat die Zahl dieser auch in Deutschland in den letzten Jahren deutlich zugenommen.
Als Spender kommen verwandte und nichtverwandte Personen infrage, die dem Empfänger
in besonderer persönlicher Verbundenheit offenkundig nahe stehen. Neben Freiwilligkeit
und Ausschluss von Organhandel sind die Blutgruppenkompatibilität, ein negatives Crossmatch
und der Ausschluss von schwer wiegenden Erkrankungen Voraussetzungen zur Lebendnierenspende
und -transplantation. Psychologische und ethische Faktoren müssen ebenfalls berücksichtigt
werden. Die Vorteile der Lebendnierenspende und -transplantation liegen in der Planbarkeit
mit Schaffung optimaler Voraussetzungen und in den exzellenten Transplantatüberlebensraten,
sowohl nach Spenden zwischen Verwandten als auch zwischen Nichtverwandten. Die Risiken
für den Spender sind kalkulierbar, aber nicht zu vernachlässigen, und eine detaillierte
Aufklärung ist Voraussetzung. Die Förderung der Lebendnierenspendetransplantation
- unter anderem durch die häufigere Durchführung von präemptiven Transplantationen
oder dem Einschluss älterer Spender - darf aber die Bemühungen bezüglich der Leichennierenspende
nicht in den Hintergrund rücken lassen.
Summary
In view of low and stagnant rates of kidney transplantations with organs from cadaveric
donors, clear legal regulations and excellent results of living kidney transplantations,
there has been an increasing number of transplantations with kidneys from living donors
in Germany during the last years. Related and nonrelated persons with close personal
relationships can present as potential donors. Further requirements for a living donation
are voluntariness, exclusion of commercial interests, bloodgroup compatibility, a
negative cross-match and absence from severe disease. Psychological and ethical considerations
are also essential. Living kidney donation and transplantation as well between related
as between non-related persons offer several advantages, such as optimal preparation
and excellent short- and longterm survival of the grafts. The risks for the donor
are low but not negligable and detailed informed consent is mandatory. In our view,
living kidney donation should be promoted, e.g. by expanding the number of preemptive
transplantations and by inclusion of elderly persons, but cadaveric kidney donation
needs even more intensive support.
Key Words
kidney failure - living kidney donation - cadaveric kidney donation - graft survival
- legal regulations
Literatur
1
Adams PL, Cohen DJ, Danovitch GM. et al. .
The nondirected live-kidney donor: ethical considerations and practice guidelines:
A National Conference Report.
Transplantation.
2002;
74
582-589
2
Asderakis A, Augustine T, Dyer P. et al. .
Pre-emptive kidney transplantation: the attractive alternative.
Nephrol Dial Transplant.
1998;
13
1799-1803
3
Cortesini R, Pretagostini R, Bruzzone P, Alfani D.
Living unrelated kidney transplantation.
World J Surg.
2002;
26
238-242
4
D'Alessandro AM, Sollinger HW, Knechtle SJ. et al. .
Living related and unrelated donors for kidney transplantation. A 28-year experience.
Ann Surg.
1995;
222
362-364
5
DSO .
DSO Jahresbericht.
2002;
6
Ellison MD, McBride MA, Taranto SE. et al. .
Living kidney donors in need of kidney transplants: a report from the organ procurement
and transplantation network.
Transplantation.
2002;
74
1349-1351
7
Fehrman-Ekholm I, Duner F, Brink B. et al. .
No evidence of accelerated loss of kidney function in living kidney donors: results
from a cross-sectional follow-up.
Transplantation.
2001;
72
444-449
8
Gershbein AB, Fuchs GJ.
Hand-assisted and conventional laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy: a comparison of
two contemporary techniques.
J Endourol.
2002;
16
509-513
9
Goldfarb DA, Matin SF, Braun WE. et al. .
Renal outcome 25 years after donor nephrectomy.
J Urol.
2001;
166
2043-2047
10
Hadjiyannakis EJ, Hadjidimitriou F, Drakopoulos S. et al. .
Renal transplantation from older living donors.
Transplant Proc.
2001;
33
906-908
11
Humar A, Durand B, Gillingham K. et al. .
Living unrelated donors in kidney transplants: better long-term results than with
non-HLA-identical living related donors?.
Transplantation.
2000;
69
1942-1945
12
Kasiske BL, Snyder JJ, Matas AJ. et al. .
Preemptive kidney transplantation: the advantage and the advantaged.
J Am Soc Nephrol.
2002;
13
1358-1364
13
Koo DD, Welsh KI, McLaren AJ. et al. .
Cadaver versus living donor kidneys: impact of donor factors on antigen induction
before transplantation.
Kidney Int.
1999;
56
1551-1559
14
Landolt MA, Henderson AJ, Barrable WM. et al. .
Living anonymous kidney donation: what does the public think?.
Transplantation.
2001;
71
1690-1696
15
Lennerling A, Blohme I, Ostraat O. et al. .
Laparoscopic or open surgery for living donor nephrectomy.
Nephrol Dial Transplant.
2001;
16
383-386
16
Meier-Kriesche HU, Kaplan B.
Waiting time on dialysis as the strongest modifiable risk factor for renal transplant
outcomes: a paired donor kidney analysis.
Transplantation.
2002;
74
1377-1381
17
Najarian JS, Chavers BM, McHugh LE, Matas AJ.
20 years or more of follow-up of living kidney donors.
Lancet.
1992;
340
807-810
18
Nogueira JM, Cangro CB, Fink JC. et al. .
A comparison of recipient renal outcomes with laparoscopic versus open live donor
nephrectomy.
Transplantation.
1999;
67
722-728
19
Opelz G.
CTS-Daten.
2002;
20
Ramcharan T, Matas AJ.
Long-term (20-37 years) follow-up of living kidney donors.
Am J Transplant.
2002;
2
959-964
21
Saunders RN, Elwell R, Murphy G. et al. .
Workload generated by a living donor programme for renal transplantation.
Nephrol Dial Transplant.
2000;
15
1667-1672
22
Spital A.
Public attitudes toward kidney donation by friends and altruistic strangers in the
United States.
Transplantation.
2001;
71
1061-1064
23
Terasaki PI, Cecka JM, Gjertson DW, Takemoto S.
High survival rates of kidney transplants from spousal and living unrelated donors.
N Engl J Med.
1995;
333
333-336
24
Valente JF, Hariharan S, Peddi VR. et al. .
Causes of renal allograft loss in black vs. white transplant recipients in the cyclosporine
era.
Clin Transplant.
1997;
11
231-236
25
Voiculescu A, Ivens K, Hetzel GR. et al. .
Kidney transplantation from related and unrelated living donors in a single German
centre.
Nephrol Dial Transplant.
2003;
18
418-425
26
Waller JR, Hiley AL, Mullin EJ. et al. .
Living kidney donation: a comparison of laparoscopic and conventional open operations.
Postgrad Med J.
2002;
78
153-157
Anschrift für die Verfasser
Dr. Adina Voiculescu
Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik
Klinik für Nephrologie und Rheumatologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf
Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
Moorenstr. 5
40225 Düsseldorf