Zusammenfassung
Fieberkrämpfe stellen die häufigste neurologische Störung des Kindesalters dar. Sie
betreffen 2 - 4 % aller Kinder, sind in der Regel harmlos, haben keine entwicklungsrelevanten
Konsequenzen und bedürfen insbesondere keiner dauerhaften Therapie. Dem akuten Ereignis
des Fieberkrampfes liegt nur äußerst selten eine bakterielle Meningitis zu Grunde.
Sie kann zudem durch Anamnese und klinische Untersuchung mit hoher Sicherheit ausgeschlossen
werden. Für die Indikation einer Lumbalpunktion geben die Leitlinien der Gesellschaft
für Neuropädiatrie (http://www.neuropaediatrie.com ) einen Handlungsrahmen. Rund ein Drittel der Kinder erleiden assoziiert zu definierten
Risikofaktoren weitere Fieberkrämpfe. Das Risiko der Entwicklung einer späteren Epilepsie
nach einfachen Fieberkrämpfen ist allerdings nur marginal erhöht. Die Prognose des
Patienten nach dem Auftreten eines einfachen Fieberkrampfes ist nicht von derjenigen
eines sonst gesunden Kindes zu unterscheiden. Eine antikonvulsive Dauertherapie zur
Verhinderung weiterer Fieberkrämpfe ist nicht indiziert. Die intermittierende Therapie
mit Benzodiazepinen bei Fieber ist nur in Ausnahmefällen sinnvoll. Das ohnehin nur
gering erhöhte Risiko dieser Kinder später eine Epilepsie zu entwickeln wird durch
keine der beiden Maßnahmen gesenkt. Die antipyretische Therapie ist zur Fiebersenkung
sinnvoll, verhindert aber nicht das Auftreten von Fieberkrampfrezidiven. Wichtigste
Maßnahme nach einem Fieberkrampfereignis ist die beruhigende Aufklärung der Eltern
hinsichtlich Ursache und Prognose. Auf die Rezidivmöglichkeit sollte hingewiesen werden.
Die Eltern müssen aufgeklärt werden, dass weder häufiges Temperaturmessen noch strikte
antipyretische Medikation Fieberkrämpfe zuverlässig verhindern können. Hier gilt es
falschen medizinpädagogischen Druck von den Eltern zu nehmen. Als akute Interventionsmaßnahme
für den seltenen Fall eines länger als drei Minuten dauernden Anfalls sollte ein Benzodiazepin
(z. B. Diazepam rektal) empfohlen werden.
Abstract
Febrile seizures are the most common neurological disorder in childhood, occurring
in 2 - 4 % of all children. The incidence of bacterial meningitis as a cause of febrile
seizures is below 0.5 % and can be excluded by careful history and thorough clinical
examination. Guidelines for the indication of a lumbar puncture are found on the website
of the Society of Neuropediatrics (http://www.neuropaediatrie.com ). One third of children have recurrent febrile seizures. While the risk for recurrence
increases with well-defined conditions, the risk to develop a genuine epilepsy is
not substantially increased. The prognosis of patients with simple febrile seizures
is good and does not differ from healthy children. Continuous antiepileptic medication
is not indicated to prevent further febrile seizures. Only on rare occasions an intermittent
anticonvulsive therapy could be justified. Furthermore, the risk of subsequent epilepsy
cannot be reduced by chronic or intermittent antiepileptic therapy. Antipyretic treatment
is indicated to lower body temperature, but there is no substantial evidence that
antipyretic drugs significantly prevent further febrile convulsions. The most important
action after a febrile seizure is to inform the parents on the possible causes and
assure them that the event has a good prognosis. The possibility of recurrent seizures
must be explained. Parents should know that they cannot prevent recurrent febrile
seizures by frequent measurements of body temperature and subsequent antipyretic treatment.
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Dr. Christian Mühe
Abteilung für Pädiatrische Neurologie und Entwicklungsneurologie · Dr. von Haunersches
Kinderspital der Universität München
Lindwurmstraße 4
80337 München
Email: christian.muehe@med.uni.muenchen.de