PDF herunterladen
Int J Sports Med 2005; 26(1/02): 71-78
DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-817849
Immunology

© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Evaluation of Autoantibodies Against Oxidized LDL (oLAB) and Blood Antioxidant Status in Professional Soccer Players

B. Kłapcińska1 , K. Kempa1 , A. Sobczak2 , E. Sadowska-Krępa1 , S. Jagsz1 , I. Szołtysek2
  • 1Department of Physiological and Medical Sciences, Biochemistry Unit, Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
  • 2Department of General and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
Weitere Informationen

Publikationsverlauf

Accepted after revision: January 12, 2004

Publikationsdatum:
26. Juli 2004 (online)

Auch verfügbar auf
    Lizenzen und Reprints

Abstract

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are very sensitive to oxidative processes initiated by oxygen free radicals, known to be produced in large quantities during intense physical exercise. Oxidatively modified lipoprotein particles (oxLDL) are strongly atherogenic and immunogenic, as a consequence specific autoantibodies (oLAB) against oxLDL are produced by the immune system. This study was designed to evaluate the oLAB titres in professional soccer players and to find out whether the immune response to oxidative modification of LDL correlates with the antioxidant status of individual players. Eleven players volunteered to participate in an incremental treadmill running exercise to volitional fatigue twice (in October and January) during the competitive season. Venous blood samples were withdrawn before and 3 min after the cessation of the test. Serum levels of oLAB were measured by ELISA (Biomedica). Blood samples were analyzed for glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase. The activity of creatine kinase (CK) and concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA), vitamin E and retinol were determined in plasma. From 11 subjects only in 4 players, in both graded running tests, the oLAB titres were low (< 200 mU · ml-1). The remaining athletes presented elevated oLAB (800 - 1400 mU · ml-1). Significantly lower activities of catalase and glutathione reductase and lower concentration of α-tocopherol were recorded in the 2nd trial. When the data were arranged according to the oLAB titres no significant between-group differences were found in either pre- and post-test activities of antioxidant enzymes or in concentrations of antioxidants. However, significantly higher CK activities and a tendency towards more elevated plasma MDA concentrations were observed in subjects with higher oLAB levels. It seems justified to presume that high titres of antibodies against oxLDL, as evidenced in most of the players, could be accounted for by their higher in vivo susceptibility of LDL to structural modification under conditions of intensive training-induced oxidative stress, despite their apparently normal antioxidant status.

Key words

Autoantibodies against oxidized LDL - antioxidant enzymes - vitamin E

References

  • 1 Aebi H. Catalase. Bergmeyer HO Methods of Enzymatic Analysis. New York; Academic Press 1974: 673-683
    Google Scholar
  • 2 Bender D A, Bender A E. Nutrition: A Reference Book. Oxford; Oxford University Press 1997: 228-244
    Google Scholar
  • 3 Beutler E, Duron O, Mikus Kelly B. Improved method for the determination of blood glutathione.  J Lab Clin Med. 1963;  61 882-888
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Brigelius-Flohé R, Traber M G. Vitamin E: function and metabolism.  FASEB J. 1999;  13 1145-1155
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Brites F D, Evelson P A, Christiansen M G, Nicol M F, Basilico M J, Wikinski R W, Llesuy S F. Soccer players under regular training show oxidative stress but improved plasma antioxidant status.  Clin Sci. 1999;  96 381-385
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Buege J A, Aust S D. Microsomal lipid peroxidation.  Meth Enzymol. 1978;  52 302-310
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Clarkson P M, Sayers S P. .  Etiology of exercise-induced muscle damage Can J Appl Physiol. 1999;  24 234-248
    CrossrefPubMed
  • 8 Clarkson P M, Thompson H S. Antioxidants: what role do they play in physical activity and health?.  Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;  72 637-646
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Evelson P, Gambino G, Travacio M, Jaita G, Verona J, Maroncelli C, Wikinski R, Liesuy S, Brites F. Higher antioxidant defences in plasma and low density lipoproteins from rugby players.  Eur J Clin Invest. 2002;  32 818-825
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Fossati P, Prencipe L, Berti G. Use of 3, 5-dichloro-2-hydroxybenzenosulfonic acid/4-aminophenazone chromogenic system in direct enzymic assay of uric acid in serum and urine.  Clin Chem. 1980;  26 227-231
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Fukumoto M, Shoji T, Emoto M, Kawagishi T, Okuno Y, Nishizawa Y. Antibodies against oxidized LDL and carotid artery intima-media thickness in a healthy population.  Arterioscler Tromb Vasc Biol. 2000;  20 703-707
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Glatzle G, Korner W F, Christeller S, Wiss O. Method for the detection of a biochemical riboflavin deficiency. Stimulation of NADPH2-dependent glutathione reductase from human erythrocytes by FAD in vitro. Investigations on the vitamin B2 status in healthy people and geriatric patients.  Intern J Vit Res. 1970;  40 166-183
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Halliwell B, Clement M V, Long L H. Hydrogen peroxide in the human body.  FEBS Lett. 2000;  486 10-13
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Heitzer T, Herttuala S Y, Wild E, Luoma J, Drexler H. Effect of vitamin E on endothelial vasodilator function in patients with hypercholerolemia, chronic smoking or both.  J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;  33 499-505
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Hellsten Y, Svensson M, Sjödin B, Smith S, Christensen A, Richter E A, Bangsbo J. Allantoin formation and urate and glutathione exchange in human muscle during submaximal exercise.  Free Radic Biol Med. 2001;  31 1313-1322
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Houston M, Estevez A, Chumley P, Aslan M, Marklund S, Parks D A, Freeman B A. Binding of xanthine oxidase to vascular endothelium.  J Biol Chem. 1999;  274 4985-4994
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Inoue T, Uchida T, Kamishirado H, Takayanagi K, Hayashi T, Morooka S. Clinical significance of antibody against oxidized low density lipoprotein in patients with atherosclerotic coronary artery disease.  J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;  37 775-559
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Iribarren C, Folsom A R, Jacobs D R, Gross M D, Belcher J D, Eckfeldt J H. Association of serum vitamin levels, LDL susceptibility to oxidation, and autoantibodies against MDA-LDL with carotid atherosclerosis. A case-control study.  Arterioscl Tromb Vasc Biol. 1997;  17 1171-1177
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Jialal I, Fuller C J, Huet B A. The effect of α-tocopherol supplementation on LDL oxidation.  Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1995;  15 190-198
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Kaul N, Devaraj S, Jialal I. α-Tocopherol and atherosclerosis.  Exp Biol Med. 2001;  226 5-12
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Lacy F, Gough D A, Schmid-Schonbein G W. Role of xanthine oxidase in hydrogen peroxide production.  Free Radic Biol Med. 1998;  25 720-727
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Liu M L, Bergholm R, Mäkimattila S, Lahdenperä S, Valkonen M, Hilden Y, Yki-Järvinen H, Taskinen M R. A marathon run increases the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation in vitro and modifies plasma antioxidants.  Am J Physiol. 1999;  276 1083-1091
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Maggi E, Marchesi E, Ravetta V, Martignoni A, Finardi G, Bellomo G. Presence of autoantibodies against oxidatively modified low density lipoprotein in essential hypertension: a biochemical signature of an enhanced in vivo low density lipoprotein oxidation.  J Hypertens. 1995;  13 129-138
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Mironova M A, Klein R L, Virella G T, Lopes-Virella M F. Anti-modified LDL antibodies, LDL-containing immune complexes, and susceptibility of LDL to in vitro oxidation in patients with type 2 diabetes.  Diabetes. 2000;  49 1033-1041
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Miyazaki H, Oh-ishi S, Ookawara T, Kizaki T, Toshinai K, Ha S, Haga S, Ji L L, Ohno H. Strenuous endurance training in humans reduces oxidative stress following exhausting exercise.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 2001;  84 1-6
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Morrissey P A, Sheehy P J. Optimal nutrition: vitamin E.  Proc Nutr Soc. 1999;  58 459-468
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Packer L. Oxidants, antioxidant nutrients and the athlete.  J Sports Sci. 1997;  15 353-363
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Pincemail J, Deby C, Camus G, Pirnay F, Bouchez R, Masssaux L, Goutier R. Tocopherol mobilization during intensive exercise.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 1988;  57 189-191
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Pincemail J, Lecomte J, Castiau J P, Collard E, Vasankari T, Cheramy-Bien J P, Limet T R, Defraigne J O. Evaluation of autoantibodies against oxidized LDL and antioxidant status in top soccer and basketball players after 4 months of competition.  Free Rad Biol Med. 2000;  28 559-565
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Pincemail J, Siquet J, Chapelle J P, Cheramy-Bien J P, Paulissen G, Chantillon A M, Christiaens G, Gielen J, Limet R, Defraigne J O. Determination of concentrations of antioxidants, antibodies against oxidized LDL, and homocysteine in a population sample from Liège.  Ann Biol Clin (Paris). 2000;  58 177-185
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Princen H MG, van Duyvenvoorde W, Buytenhek R, van der Laarse A, van Poppel G, Gevers Leuven J A, van Hinsbergh V WM. Supplementation with low doses of vitamin E protects LDL from lipid peroxidation in men and women.  Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1995;  15 325-333
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Sánchez-Quesada J L, Ortega H, Payés-Romero A, Serrat-Serrat J, Gonzáles-Sastre F, Lasunción M A, Ordónez-Llanos J. LDL from aerobically-trained subjects shows higher resistance to oxidative modification than LDL from sedentary subjects.  Atherosclerosis. 1997;  132 207-213
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Schippinger G, Wonisch W, Abuja P M, Fankhauser F, Winklhofer-Roob B M, Halwachs G. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in professional American football players during competition.  Eur J Clin Invest. 2002;  32 686-692
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Seccia M, Albano E, Maggi E, Bellomo G. Circulating antibodies recognizing peroxidase-oxidized low density lipoprotein.  Arterioscler Tromb Vasc Biol. 1997;  17 134-140
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Sen C K. Oxidants and antioxidants in exercise.  J Appl Physiol. 1995;  79 675-686
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Shoji T, Fukumoto M, Kimoto E, Shinohara K, Emoto M, Tahara H, Koyama H, Ishimura E, Nakatani T, Miki T, Tsujimoto Y, Tabata T, Nishizawa Y. Antibody to oxidized low-density lipoprotein and cardiovascular mortality in end-stage renal disease.  Kidney Int. 2002;  62 2230-2237
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Sobczak A, Skop B, Kula B. Simultaneous determination of serum retinol and alpha- and gamma-tocopherol levels in type II diabetic patients using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.  J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1999;  730 265-271
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Steinberg D. Low density lipoprotein oxidation and its pathological significance.  J Biol Chem. 1997;  272 20963-20966
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Steinerová A, Racek J, Stožický F, Zima T, Fialová L, Lapin A. Antibodies against oxidized LDL - theory and clinical use.  Physiol Rev. 2001;  50 131-141
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Svensson M B, Ekblom B, Cotgreave I A, Norman B, Sjöberg B, Ekblom Ö, Sjödin B, Sjödin A. Adaptive stress response of glutathione and uric acid metabolism in man following controlled exercise and diet.  Acta Physiol Scand. 2002;  176 43-56
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Szasz G, Gruber W, Bernt E. Creatine kinase in serum: 1. Determination of optimum reaction conditions.  Clin Chem. 1976;  22 650-656
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Tatzber F, Esterbauer H. Autoantibodies to oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Bellomo G., Finardi E., Maggi E., Rice-Evans C Free Radicals IX. London; Richelieu Press 1995: 245-262
    Google Scholar
  • 43 Van Tits L J, de Waart F, Hak-Lemmers H L, van Heijst P, de Graaf J, Demacker P N, Stalenhoef A F. Effects of alpha-tocopherol on superoxide production and plasma intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and antibodies to oxidized LDL in chronic smokers.  Free Radic Biol Med. 2001;  30 1122-1129
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Vasankari T J, Kujala U M, Vasankari T M, Ahotupa M. Reduced oxidized LDL levels after a 10-month exercise programme.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;  30 1496-1501
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Waring W S, Convery A, Mishra V, Shenkin A, Webb D J, Maxwell S RJ. .  Uric acid reduces exercise-induced oxidative stress in healthy adults Clin Sci. 2003;  105 425-430
    PubMed
  • 46 Wetzstein C J, Shern-Brewer R A, Santanam N, Green N R, White-Welkley J E, Parthasarthy S. Does acute exercise affect the susceptibility of low density lipoprotein to oxidation?.  Free Radic Biol Med. 1998;  24 679-682
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Winklhopfer-Roob B M, van't Hof M A, Shmerling D H. Reference values for plasma concentrations of vitamin E and A and carotenoids in a Swiss population from infancy to adulthood, adjusted for seasonal influences.  Clin Chem. 1997;  43 146-153
    PubMedGoogle Scholar

Barbara Kłapcińska

Department of Physiological and Medical Sciences, Academy of Physical Education

Ul. Mikołowska 72 A

40-065 Katowice

Poland

Telefon: + 48322075158

Fax: + 48 3 22 51 68 68

eMail: barbara@awf.katowice.pl

      >